Africa

===1)Period 6 and 2 : Notes **p666-669** (Beginnings of the liberation struggle in Africa), **p723 - p.727** (Liberation of Nonsettler Africa, The Struggle for the Settler Colonies, and White South Africa) **p. 804 - p.806** (The Apartheid State and its Demise)===


 * //__The Beginnings of the Liberation Struggle In Africa__//**
 * Most of Africa was under European rule before World war one began
 * Africans were loyal to the Europeans, fighting for them in the war and ultimatly letting their own people suffer for fighting for a different nation
 * Britain and France promised their colonies freedom and other things for participating in the war, but they didn't keep their promises


 * Soon tolerance organizations, strikes, and a number of rebellions began to occur after the war
 * Intensified upon the Great Depression in 1930s
 * African elite began to be disenchanted


 * Political leaders such as **Marcus Gavery** and **Du Bois** became African nationalists leaders
 * A all African organization made up of pan-Africans was created in 1920s
 * By mid 1920s nationalist movements moved to Paris


 * The negritude literary movement dud much to combat the racial sterotyping that held Africans in bondage
 * Poets such as **Leopold Seda Senghor** begin to write poems and stories of Africas great societies in the precolonial era
 * Efforts to nationalzie wouldn't be complete till world war two


 * //__The Liberation of Nonsettler Africa__//**
 * World war two proved more strainful on the colonies of Africa
 * The lack of appreciation and renewed racial differences caused by the Euros led the Africans to not want to support them
 * The fall of France and Belgium showed the white's power could be beat, and French rule declined


 * Industrial development began to occurr in Africa as goods needed to be made for the British war efffort
 * **Kwame Bkrumah** led severl rebellions that ked ti decolonization in Africa
 * Took advantage of some situations and was able to cause revolts to establish Ghana


 * The arrival of new politics in Africa was seen with the signing of the Conventional Peoples Part
 * Educated Africans were now able to rule themselves and not be oppresed by the British
 * British watch as in 1957 Ghana was established showing their defeat


 * Hard pressed military struggles had kept the British busy giving trvoults more time
 * 1957 - 1960 French colonies work towards becoming free states
 * Nonsettler colonial society ended


 * //__Repression and the Guerilla War:__//**
 * The process of decolonization in Settler colonies in Africa was far more difficult than in other areas
 * Many Europeans filled the land because they intended on using this area as their homes and weren't willing to leave
 * Colonies refused negotiations or even given Africans rights, so the only way left to achieve freedom was through violence


 * In 1950 in Kenya nonviolent means adapted by **Jomo Kenyatta** were seen as ineffective so the Kenya African Union was created to fight
 * **The Land Free army** also formed in 1950 led radical goreilla warefare attacks on the colonies
 * Rebellions caused massive conflicts with the British and eventually negotiations were held


 * Kenya won it's independance in 1963 from the British
 * Struggle in Algeria for freedom was far bloodier as the **National Liberation Front** did everything it could to fight the French
 * Eventually civil war and strif reached Algeria even after it was free


 * //__Perisistance of White Supremacy__//**
 * While other areas of Africa became free from European control, South Africa remained controlled by a minority of a white population
 * The Afrikaners of the land were descendants of the Dutch and they had been in Africa since any other nations, and they didn't feel like they could return home because they were clearly defined
 * Unlike other areas and standards, the racism of south Africa was by far the worst ever


 * After the defeat by the British, the Afrikaners changed their view to white supremicy over Africans
 * The **Afrikaner National party** sought to see freedom from Britain and retain a white supremacy ideology
 * Developed a system of segregation called **apartheid** and their views continued unchallanged


 * //__South Africa: The Apartheid State and It's Demise__//**
 * South Africa remained undefeated, and Portugal as well still held control over some areas of colonial domannice
 * Society and suth Africa still was used as white supremacy with laws constricting races and opposition
 * The white people created a police force to stop the black movements and hold on to their ways


 * Guriella resistance occured from 1960 onward in the area by blacks
 * boycots combined with war efforts led t osouth Africa to decline in power
 * Today white supremist groups still are active even with a democratic government now in place

and the used violent means of fighting to gain independance || Mohamed Ahmed Bella || Yes || -Peasant rebellion aginst the use of over plsntstion colonies || Holden Roberto Jose Do Santos ||  || -People fought for who would control it || Leopold Lumbaba Kilbia || Yes || - Gained seats in the government rising up || Kwane Nkrumah || Yes || -Kenyatta became presidenr of kenyan frican union Secret Mau Mau society fought against the British soldiers to help gain indenpendance || Jomo Kenyatta Tom Mboya Jodeph Murumbi || Yes || (white minortity rule 1994) || Dutch British || People saw that they should fight back because people were suffering around them and they wanted to be free. || Shaka Zulu Alred MilneEmbeki Jan Smuts Nelson Mandela Paul Kruger Mahtma Ghandi Thabo R || Some what ||
 * Nation || Date || Colonial Power || Nature of Movement || Key Leader(s) || Success? ||
 * Algeria || 1962 || French || - National liberation front wanted to be free from French
 * Angola || 1975 || Portugal || -Gorilla warefar
 * Belgian Congo || 1908, 1960 || Belgium || -Belgium handed control over to them
 * Ghana || March 6th 1957 || British || -Peaceful protest and boycot European goods. Strikes also
 * Guinea || October 2nd 1958 || French ||  || Toure ||   ||
 * Kenya || December 12th 1963 || British || -Creation of Pan African Congress
 * Madagascar || 1960 || French || MDRM starts revolts in 1947. Two government parties estsblihed in 1950s to become free from the French. Eventually Gualle gives Madagacar their own nation. || Tsanni || Yes ||
 * South Africa || May 31st 1910 (1934 officially felt)

Summary on Postcolonial Africa: After the the first two world wars ,the European coloies of Africa had experienced enoguh opression from the Europeans, and began to head toward becoming their own nations. Howeve rpostcoloial Africa went through many problems as its movements toward becoming free states began. One of the most major issues was the government that took over the nation. Many African states even today have corrupt government still running them. For example in Algeria, since they were liberated from the French, the same man has been their president, and he has eliminated the chance of anyone suceeding him. Most african governments end up becoming corrupt because of their weakness. Another problem that emerges still however is land rights. While some nations are free, they have land or certain rights given to other nations for things such as mining and drilling. This causes the "cash goods" in that area to be taken by another power and the state loses money. For many African nations this becomes a problem especially after the United States or a European power purchases rights to mining diamonds for example. Another problem that emerges is the fact that many of these African nations become extremely poor. Because they're poor they depend on international aid in order to operate correctly. However since their is corruption in the government and other areas the government is never able to gain the money they loaned back. They end up having an unpaid debt to another nation, while still being in debt themselves.