Civilizations+in+Crisis+Ottomas,+Egypt,+and+China

1) Decline of Ottoman/birth of Turkey and Western Intrusions
As you read pages 593-604 take notes in the chart below. Be sure to focus on causes of decline, European inervention and reform programs


 * Ottoman Retreat and the Birth of Turkey || Western Intrusions and Crisis: Egypt ||
 * * Otttoman crisis was being brought on by a succession of weak rulers within the social and political order
 * Struggles between the Janisarries and Provincial officials led to a leakage of goods
 * Impoverished people are taxed and burdens put on them


 * Artisan position in society was being replaced by the western Europeans whose technolgoy was more advanced
 * Merchants began to grow more dependent on the European powers which caused an influx if western goods
 * Ottomans became more dependant on their rivals


 * By the 1700s the Ottomans began to lose all their European territories to foreign powers
 * Austrian Habsburg drove the Ottomans out of the Balkans
 * Russia became an emerging threat after Peter the Great's attempts to reform which led to Russia launching several attacks of Istanbul


 * Ottoman survival depended on the reforms within the initiated by sultans and advisors
 * **Selim III** tried to take bolder inititives but the Janisarries killed kim
 * Janisarries were seen as a major threat to opposition and change that would weaken them


 * Mahumed II succeeded where Selim failed as he secretly organized a military of his own
 * With the help of Europeans advisors in 1826 his army was able to wipe away the Janissaries from power
 * Began to launch reforms designed to revamp the government and allow western influence of upper levels of society. The **Tanzimat reform**s lasted from 1839 and 1876


 * Some groups were adversevly affected by the changes which opened them up to mroe western influences
 * The artisan classes especially were gravly weakened by the 1838 treaty with the British that removed import taxes
 * Changes on women were debated but didn't occur till after 1908


 * **Abdul Hamid** responded to the growing threat of a westernized office and civilians by returning the government to a despotic absolutism
 * From 1878 to 1908 his reigme nullified the constitution and restricted civil liberties, particulary the freedom of the press
 * He adopted western ideas that he found useful such as ideas for the military


 * Resistance to Abdul's rule came in 1889 with the political group the **Ottoman Society For Union and Progress**
 * They led many attempts to overthrow Abdul but they did not suceed till a coup in 1908
 * They promised they would bring reforms in education, administration, and even the status of women


 * Unfortunatly the officers soon became embroiled in factional fights
 * Power was shrinking and Ottoman control over foreign lands was deminishing
 * Arab and Young Turk conflcits were finally cut short in 1914 in what was left of the Ottoman Empi || * By the 1800 the Arab people saw that the West was a major issue in the Islamic world
 * The european conquest of Islamic states sents a feeling to all Islamic areas that the west could dominate them
 * The Islamics finally accepted that the west had indeed been passing them in science, architecture and other fields


 * The Islamic nations got a wake up call when Napoleon invaded Egypt in 1798
 * Napoleon's French troops were well equiped compared to the Mamluks who lived in Egypt who fought the French with sphears and medival armour
 * Prior to the Battle of the Pyramids, the Mamluk's head **Murad**, claimed that they could easily drive away


 * The result of the Battle of the Pyramids showed the Islamics how vulnerable they were to a European assult
 * Thr British eventually kicked Napoleon out of Egypt and defeated him
 * It angered the Muslim's of Egypt that the Europeans had defeated the French and not the Muslims


 * In 1801 **Muhammad Ali** came into power in Egypt
 * He focused on westernizing Egypt's military so that they could also be able to fight more effective
 * His armies were able to invade other Islamic territories such as the Ottomans


 * The **khedives** who replaced Muhammed Ali after his death made a muddle of his attempts to reform and revitalize Europe
 * The exspansion of the Cotton industry in Egypt left many people without food and their income was based on the Europeans
 * Revenue produced was wasted on unessary pasttimes for the rich


 * Europeans lent money to the Khedives to have further acess to their cheap cotton
 * In 1869 a new motive emerged, which was to connect the Red Sea and the Meditteran Sea
 * The Suez Canal was created which transforemd Egypt into a stratgegetic point


 * IN order to get rid of the European advancements into the heartland thinkers gathered at Azhar University to discuss what to do
 * **al-Afghani** and **Muhammad Abduh** stressed the need f0r Muslims to borrow scientific advancements from the Europeans
 * Based this on how the Europeans had onced borrowed the ideas of the Muslims to advance however the British soon gained control of the Islamic heartland


 * **Khartoum** becomes the center of the Egyption administration
 * British role in Egypt led to a drive to abolish slavery in other islamic nations
 * **Muhammad Achmad** was the leader of the rebellion against the Brutish controlled Egypt.


 * Mahdi's skillful use of goreilla warefare helped his people beat the Egyptians however he later passed away from typhus
 * Khalifa Abdallahi was a skillful comander who continued to attack other states as he tried to found a thriving islamic state
 * Eventually the Muslims got to the point where neither of their belived tactics would help them catch a gain ahead of the Europeans ||

2)The Qing Empire Notes
As you read 604 to 611 take outline notes on the Rise and Fall of the Qing Empire. Be sure to include Main Ideas for each subtopic and to highlight key terms.

__//**The Last Dynasty: The Rise And Fall of the Qing Empire In China**//__ __//MI: The Manchus, under Nurhaci gained control over much of China, adopting the dynastic name Qing, and adopted and made adjustments to previous Chinese political policies.//__


 * The Manchu nomadic state lay just north of the great wall and the leader **Nurhaci** combined hiis calavalries into a fighting unit called the banner armies
 * In 1644 they entered China with the help of a Chinese official who wanted them to solve a rebellion but they proved more dangerous
 * The Manchu's eventually captured the capital at Beijiang


 * Quickyl proved they were up to ruling the largest Chinese empire so far as they adopted the name **Qing**
 * They followed many Chinese practices already in place and held similar political occurences such as examinations
 * Rulers such as **Kangxi** were Confucian scholars who promoted Confucian practices

//__**Economy and Society in the Early Centuries of Qing Rule**__// //__MI: Economy of the Qing dynasty revolved around tenant farming and overseas trade. Women during this period continued to be subordinate and confined to the home, with men dominating marriage and many other aspects outside the home.__//
 * The long nurtured value of rank was still viewed highly in the society
 * Women's role in society was restricted to the household, and only wives who'd bare sons in upper class families were given some power to command other women and young males
 * Lower class women could still work in fields but men still held the most power


 * The Qing ran project focused on targeting the core areas were the Ming had failed
 * Taxes and tax laborer was lowered and incentives such as tax free tenture were offered to those wishing to resettle in abandoned lands
 * Budget money was used to repair major dikes, canals, roadways, and irrigation systems


 * 18th century saw a large prevalence of European traders in China also upper class people brought tenantas and workers to work on their land
 * traded exports of tea, porcelain, silk textiles
 * profits from overseas trade allowed for rise of a wealthy group of merchants, the **compradors**, who specialized in import-export trade on China's south coast

//__MI: The Manchu regime, politically, grew increasingly corrupt. In the bureaucracy, namely the examination system, was overwhelmed with corruption, bribery, cheating, etc. China, at this time, lacked proper funds for public works, army, navy because of such corruption.__//
 * //__Rot From Within:Buercratic Breakdown and Social Disintergration__//**
 * By the late 18th century it was clear that Qing China was in decline
 * Civil service examinations were no longer legitimate as cheating in forms of bribing, cheating, and having other take the exams for you emerged
 * People saw seats in the bureacracy as a way to improve family control ofver an area


 * Many of the buercrats lack a Confucian style education and once again the unwise was ruling over the wise
 * As leader quality decline, the public work projects also declined leading to multiple issues
 * Critical public work projects such as the dikes on the Yellow River were ignored which led to a mass explostion of famine and disease when the dikes broke and the river flooded the region wiping out crops, farm land, and animals, as well as people.


 * Condition of the pesantry declined sharply with food shortages which prompted mass migration
 * Beggars, and robbers become more present in places showing further decline
 * The people of China were under the impression that someone would come in after the decline and make China Great Again

//__MI: Initially, the Europeans traded bullions of silver to the Chinese for their porcelain and other goods, but viewing this as unfair, the Europeans brought in a potent form of opium from India, which put much of China in jeopardy. Opium had profund effects on Chinese economy, causing neglect of many officials because of their addiction, and eventually when its trafficking was forced to stop, Europeans pushed for more access to China and even entrance into Chinese courts.__//
 * //__Barbarians At The Southern Gates: The Opium War and After__//**
 * Since the begging of the Chinese empire's founding, the Chinese peopel have always seen themselves as the perfect peopel and everyone else as "barbarians"
 * The British were soon being arguable to being at the equal of China at this time in history despite the difference in population
 * Hostility between trade with China and Britain only rose more when opium was introduced into the picture


 * The trade of opium into China led to many people becoming addicted and the drug thrivbing in the country which led to the **Opium War**
 * The opium trade didn't favor with China so actions were taken to stop the trade
 * Emperor asked **Lin Zexu** to handle the situation however he only enraged the British more


 * Lin's actions led to conflicts and war between the two nations, and due to Britains superior weponry they won
 * The British victory secured them extra holding space in China in ports, as well as forcing China to open its door to trade
 * Eventually the British even had to allow British officials to be in the bureacracy which was seen as an insult having a "barbarian" in their however the weapons soon made Chinese go along with it

__//MI: China's loss in Opium War threatened entire civilization. The defeat and dislocations in south China brought on by growing commercial encroachments of the West spawned several rebellions that swept through much of south China in 1850s-60s and even threatened to overthrow the Qing dynasty//__
 * //__A Civilization at Risk:Rebellion and Failed Reforms__//**
 * After China's defeat in the Opium war, rebellions swept through the lands in 1850
 * The most dangerous of the rebellions was the Taiping Rebellion which was led by **Hong Xiuquan**
 * The Taiphan armies were able to capture vast amounts of territory in south central China during 1853


 * The Taiphan causes eventually began to decline but they still were able to be a force of recon for thw Qing
 * The Taiphans sought to change all aspects of China even the Confucianist side that was widely held strong
 * Scholars began adopting the self-strengthening movement


 * Eventually Hong died and his followers disbanded but it was not the only attempt to overthrow Manchu rule
 * Officials tried to prevent change in the bureacracy and if there was i was very minimal
 * New rebellions were caused by the growing preassure of foreign influence in China, such as the **Boxer rebellion**, which only sent China further into British hands


 * The empress **Cixi** was the main power hand of the thrown in 1898
 * She defied westerners by freusing funds sued to build warships to build a marble ship in the imperial garden
 * Members of the Qing household like her wanted to outburst the foreigners in China

__//**The Fall Of The Qing: The End of a Civilization?**//__ //__MI: In the beginning of the 20th century, many secret societies had worked to toppled the Qing regime, and eventually, officials influenced by Western ideas and powers prevailed.__//
 * By the 20th century while rebellions weren't occuring secret underground organzations were forming for attempts to revoult against the Chinese government
 * For aspiring revolutionaries such as Sun Yat-sen this was a way to plot a way to be able to achieve peace once and for all
 * In 1912 the last emperor of China **Puyi** was disposed of and following him was the new republic of China