Asian+Transition+in+Age+of+Global+Change

1) Notes pg 486- 491
MI: Vasco de gamma's voyage discovered that India could be reached by sea, and it lead to the opening of the Asian sea trading network.
 * __//The Asian Trading World and the Coming of the Europeans//__**
 * The Portuguese voyage, led by **Vasco de Gama** discovered that you could make your way to India by sea
 * **The Asian sea trading network** they discovered was separated into three zones; Arab Zone, Indian Zone, and Chinese Zone
 * This area of exchange stretched thousands of miles from the Middle East and Africa to the coast of the giant Asian continent


 * The Arab zone in the west was used to obtain goods such as glass, carpets, and tapestries
 * The Indian zone had cotton textiles, spices, and precious gems
 * Chinese zone was used for paper, porcelain, and silk textiles


 * In between the great manufacturing heads were areas that also had goods
 * In Asia there was Japan, the mainland kingdoms and island states
 * There was also the port cities in east Africa that fed precious metals, foods, and forest products into the trade network


 * Of the goods circulating in the trade system the highest priced was spice
 * Long distance trade also had high priced commodities
 * Bulk items such as rice, livestock, and timber were exchanged in each of the main trading zones


 * Monsoon winds and the nature of the ships navigational instruments dictated the voyages
 * Navigation relied heavily on coastal travel, using the coast to find areas based on geopgraphic lcoations
 * Other items such as the compass did allow for open ocean travel, but not many people traveled open ocean due to the danger of it


 * The trade lacked violence unlike other trading going on in the world
 * Every nations had apart in the Asian sea trading network, so trade was mostly peaceful
 * Ships were armed in case of a pirate assault

__//**Trading Empire: The Portugusese Response to the Encounter at Calicut**//__ //__MI:Because the people of the Asian sea trading network were not as strong as the Portuguese, the Portuguese used their ships to capture lands, so that they could monopolize goods from Asia such as Cinnamon.__//
 * The Portuguese had little goods that they could trade with the Asian peoples, the only thing the Asian wanted was gold or silver
 * To start gaining a product from Asian sea trade, the Portuguese began to take lands by force
 * No peoples could match the power of the naval fleets the Portuguese had


 * Their sudden appearence and start of conflict surprised the Asian peoples who had conducted trade peacefully
 * When Vasco de gama returned in 1502 he had his ships sudue any resisting towns
 * Asian ships joined together to late to fight their forces


 * In 1507 the Portugese strove to build bases to have control over areas in the Asian sea trade zone
 * They took the cities of **Ormuz** and **Goa,** and eventually **Malacca**
 * In these captured territories the Portuguese built naval bases to control the area, and factories to develop goods such as cinnamon from the zone they were in


 * The aim of the Portuguese was to establish a monopoly on Asian products
 * By conntrolling certain spices they could sell them at any price they wanted causing a monoply on the good
 * Also tried to start a licenese needed to trade in the areas from Ormuz to Malacca

//__MI:The Portuguese eventually lost control over their bases in south east Asia to the Dutch, who then started their own monopoly on the spices of the area for some time.__//
 * __//Portuguese Vulnerability and the Rise of the Dutch and English Trading Empires//__**
 * The Portuguese managed to control the flow of spices like nutmeg and mace for a limited time in some areas
 * The Portuguese used heavy punishments on people such as cutting their hands of if they tried to sell the spices the Portuguese were using as the monopoly
 * When the Dutch arrived, the captured the base at Malacca and drove the Portuguese out of the area


 * In 1620 the Dutch founded the base at **Batavia** on the island of Java.
 * The Dutch began where the Portuguese left off by beginning their own monopoly on multiple spices
 * The Dutch also drove the English off their plan to control spices


 * **The Dutch trading empire** was designed much like the Portuguese however they had better armed ship and better business tactics to monopolize the spices they desired
 * They wiped out the spice producing plants on islands, and even the people who produced them to keep their monopoly intact
 * The Dutch was able to sustain its golden age during the mid 17th centuries


 * Dutch control began to decline as they tried to regain lost control of the spices
 * In the end the Dutch came to rely on their old ways of making profit; transporting goods from Asia
 * The English soon adopted the Dutch new peaceful practice of trade

//__MI:While going into the mainlands of Asia led to revolt and inability to dominate, the Europeans could control the islands of Asia due to their superiority in technology. Once they conquered these areas however, the Europeans simply wanted tribute, and didn't interfere in everyday life.__//
 * __//Going Ashore: European Tribute system in Asia//__**
 * European ships and guns allowed for them to be a force in the Asian trading network in the 16th and 17th centuries
 * As they moved inland however their ability to conquer diminished due to the large number of Asian peoples
 * Europeans were forced to wage war on small kingdoms and islands mainly


 * In larger empires where the Europeans couldn't triumph, they quickly learned their place
 * In areas such as China, India, Persia, and Japan this occurred, they often were left to humble their selves before an Asian ruler
 * As a way to avoid such as case, they stuck to conquering coastal locations such as Ceylon and islands like Java


 * The Spanish went to the Phillipines first in 1493 to explore and settle in the islands
 * In 1560 they captured **Luzon** and the northern islands, due to the inhabitants living in small estates
 * However the Spanish faced trouble when trying to conquest **Mindanao**, where a single ruling Muslim state did everything it could to prevent Christians from ruling them


 * Each time the Europeans expanded into new areas over people they set up a tribute system similar to those set up by the Spanish in the Americas
 * Europeans were content to the indingenous people of the lands and often let them conduct their own daily life without interference
 * They only took tribute from crops produced by the peasants as a form of payment

__//MI:While the Europeans tried to convert the Asian people to Christianity, they were much saddened by the fact that the Muslims had beat them to Asia long before they were able to reach it. It places were the tried converting non-Islamic peoples they were faced with steep challenges, and when those who did convert it was only because their leaders had or other reasons.//__
 * //__Spreading the Faith:Missionary Enterprise in South and Southeast Asia__//**
 * Attempts made by the Europeans to convert the people of Asia failed in most places
 * Islam had reached Asia long before Christianity, and it was widely spread
 * In some areas where Islam wasn't present the Christian missionaries tried their best to convert the native people


 * **Francis Xavier** tried converting low class people while **Robert di Nobili** designed a plan to convert the high class people of India from Hinduism
 * Prievious efforts were only able to convert low class people and the untouchables, who had no interaction with the upper class people
 * Nobili was able to gain some converts


 * Nobili to gain upper class converts tried to appeal to Hindus
 * He became a vegitarian and didn't eat meat, he also learned sanskirt to read texts
 * Despite his early success the Indians convertion attempt soon collapsed and failed


 * Like in the native America's the Spanish attempted to convert the people of the Phillipines
 * Their attempts were sucessful due to their domination of the land and control of the leaders
 * Friars were soon sent to help with the conversions


 * In the Phillipines people converted by only a few reasons
 * Leaders had converted to Christianity forcing the peasantry and upper class subjects to do the same
 * The peasants felt they would be seen equal to enter heaven with the Spanish

002: Chinese and Japanese Responses to Western Influence:

 * **China:** || **Japan** ||
 * * Spanish and Portuguese had brought crops from the Americas into the Yangtze region of China
 * These imports were helpful during times of famine or underproduction of food
 * China's population had risen to 90 million in the 14th century and 300 million + during the 1800s.
 * China traded silk textiles and other goods for silver.
 * Europeans settled in Macao and Canton where they officially began business with Ming China.
 * Europeans broke into the Middle Kingdom and tried to infiltrate the courts and gather the Ming emperors favor to spread their religion.
 * Some Chinese scholars were interested in learning the teachings of Christianity.
 * Matteo Ricci and Adam Schall astounded Chinese scholars
 * Saw Europeans as people with large noses and hairy faces
 * Wanted to limit their contact with Europeans || * Europeans had been visiting the islands of Japan since 1543, brining larger number of merchants in
 * Traders brought goods from India, China, and southeast Asia
 * Exchanged the goods for silver silver, copper, pottery, lacquerware. Also brought firearms


 * Commercial contacts with over sea people, led to more over sea trade
 * Missionaries began to enter Japan however to seek converts
 * This led to a large resistence as Christianity was seen as a counterforce to military Buddhist beliefs in Japan


 * Due to the Europeans trying to convert people and the threat of their merchants, Japan led to massive restrictions to prevent anymore chaos
 * Stopped convertions and made converts go back t oBuddhism or they be severly punished
 * By the 17th century Japan was entering complete isolation ||