Early+Modern+Period

*Note to Mr.Green my In-depth question is on this page not the World Economy page"

1)The Early Modern Era Notes

 * //__A New Global Economy__//**
 * International trade increases, bring the world closer together
 * The Americas are introduced into International trade for the first time
 * Regions became exposed and more widespread of international influence

__//**Biological Exchange**//__
 * Global trade brought with it a number of biological exchanges, which led to consequences in some parts of the world
 * Food grown in the Americas such as corn, and potatoes, are brought to Europe and Asia to be grown their, which some do
 * Improvements on agriculture and these new grown foods lead to population increase


 * Europeans begin to interact with the Amearicas
 * Europeans introduced new diseases (small pox, measles) which decimated the native people
 * Population loss led to an increaes of travel from Europe and Africa. African slave trade begin due to a shortage of workers in the Americas


 * Columbian exchange occurs impacting populations
 * Introduction of new animals to the Americas which altered life
 * New food increased population, which trumped the new diseases
 * New diseases still led to a heavy amount of death in the regions

__//**New Empires**//__
 * New empires formed in India, the middle east, southeastern Europe, and in Russia
 * These new empires challenged the political traditions of the imperial nations existing such as Spain, Portugal, England, and France
 * The imperial nations began to focus on their oversea holdings and settlements


 * Changes in the global economy, and biological changes lead to power changes around the world
 * The America's had new masters ruling over areas where natives had previously dominated
 * Africa gets tied in with slave trade in the America's due to labor shortages


 * New economic and military changes lead to changes in the established societies
 * New patterns of inequality develop
 * Europe becomes more powerful as it supplies goods and has commercial services to multiple regions


 * Gunpowder was a major invention which changes power/ introduced new political units to the world


 * //__Continuity__//**
 * Existing trade routes are still considered important in global exchange
 * Example : The silk road


 * Global societies still preserve key features of the past
 * No global culture change occurs
 * Notable developments do occurs in certain regions ( Scientific revolution in Europe)


 * Spread of world religions continues to occur
 * Islam reaches parts of southeast Asia and parts of Southern Europe. Natives in the America's are converted to Christianity by the European people


 * No systematic gender relations change occurs
 * Gender balances in regions affetcted from slave trade in Africa
 * Lack of males promotes polygamy in Africa


 * New debates on conditions of women in Europe
 * Has little change
 * Relations between men and women in most societies adhered to established patterns


 * No technological breakthroughs until after 1750
 * Guns and gunnery are gradually introduced into some socities
 * Manufacturing techniques change along with little change in agriculture beyond the amount of food in supply


 * Political changes signal the rise of new empires
 * China prides itself to revive and maintain its system of government
 * African societies preserve the idea of kingship

__//**Impact on Daily Life**//__
 * Europeans and Africans heading to the Americas brought new diseases with them
 * Natives become exposed to these diseases and are decimated because of them


 * Europeans introduce silver as a way of money to pay for Chinese goods
 * China requires new taxes to be paid in good due to a drive for silver
 * Chinese fall more tingo poverty as they search for new meathods of obtaining silver


 * African are taken from their home and shipped to America
 * Many die on the voyage over
 * Those who survive are lead into a life of slavery


 * New belief among the people to work harder
 * New forms of slavery to work and produce more in regions and religious influence
 * To work harder all people chipped in, children began to work, as well as older experienced people influencing others to produce more

2)In Depth: Causation and the West's Exspansion
1)If we're to choose a single determinism of social change, the most probabl answer would be technologial change. The chnages in technology allowed for Western Europe to be able to increase in power, which allowed it do dominate in areas. By dominating these areas like the America, they could regulate trade going on between the two. Their new ships, allowed for them to be a fighting force when it came to military issues, as well as being good long distant travlers. These advancements helped them to achieve a better economy, and even improved their cultural aspects. In culture. because religion can change history, like Islam which spread into an empire which over time gained a reasonable influence and influence politics and aspects of society. Religious chain

2)The European settlers expressed the opiion when settling in the new world, that it was a time for exspantion for economic benefit and change. However this may have differed from their actual opions as the European settlers were often fored to come over. They had to live in fear o being selected to head to the new colony away from the homeland. Other settlers may have felt a simpitthetic feel towards the native's of the region, as they were being obliterated by the Europeans when they could barly fight back. Now while some settlers knew going to the foreign lands was a risky business, some of them however knew that what layed in the new world may benefit there lives and they could be heading over for their own benefit. The Europeans msot likely were aware of the change going on in their world. Privieously the life in western Europe was a horrible place. Death ruled the land and if there was any type of santuary it didn't last very long in the dark times. As they reopened trade with China, and began to revive from the dark ages, life began to improve. As life improves and happyness begins to emerge along the land once again than the people would know and see the happyness. This boost in daily life, economics, and every other asperct of their society would have been greatly visible in comparision to the Dark Ages. Europe was now heading back to a time of greatness not seen since the time of Rome. The exploration of new lands to achieve new wealth and advancements ===

3) Notes Guns Germs and Steel
-The inca empire streched from chile down to argintina -The spanish king ruled a third of Europe -Spain was a newly united nation since it had just fought off muslim troops -Incas were not as productive as European farmers -Inca onlyt domesticated animal was the llma -Riding horses gave Europeans an advantage as the allowed for mobility and strength versus a land force -At the time of the conquistadors Spain had the largest and streongest army -The arabs developed guinpowder into weapons -Along with gunpowder gund, the spanish developed steel weapons while the inca still used bronze -Hernando Cortez conqured the Aztecs in Mexico 12years beforte the Inca and Pizaro -The Mayans had a system of writting but the Inca didnt -Because of the shape of the Americasa and the advance differences from Eurasia prevented spread of technology and culture -In november 15th 1532, the Spanish surprised the Inca with an attack -The Spanish brought diseas with the,m that decimated the native people -People in Europe developed genetic resistence to diseases such as small pox which the Inca's never aquired -The Inca diodn't develop diseases as the llma was not used as other farm animals in Europe

4)Review for test
>> *** adaptation of Western morals and ideals >> || * Agricultural state **MI: After the arrival of the Portuguese, Europeans became part of the Asian sea trade. They tried to conduct monoplolies on goods**.that was the largest of any center of civilizati || * de Gama first arrival -1498
 * Region || Major Events || Major Developments || Major Continuities ||
 * Western Europe
 * MI: During the period of 1450 to 1750 news ideas of thinking were emerged and church reformation began, which reconstructed the powers of European society. However Christianity remained a thriving force in the land. ** || ** Renaissance
 * intellect and arts flourished
 * humanism
 * Scientific Revolution
 * Enlightenment
 * rise of sciences in England
 * Catholic Reformation
 * reformation of Catholic church, targeting pope
 * Commercial Revolution
 * Spain
 * rise of monarchy with Isabella and Ferdinand || ** Previously accepted ideas are challenged
 * Catholic Church + pope
 * Protestantism established by Martin Luther
 * New technological developments: microscope, telescope, compass
 * development of absolute monarchies
 * wide spread of knowledge/ information via books and printed text
 * bolstered by Johannes Gutenburg's movable block type
 * Anglican church formed by Henry VIII because Catholic church did not allow him to me polygamous
 * Heliocentric Theory --> Copernicus
 * Calvinism- Jean Calvin
 * idea of predestination
 * emergence of proletariat
 * mercantilism
 * use of gunpowder
 * triangular trade || ** Christianity as guiding force
 * future expansions (missionaries)
 * Monarchy
 * subsistence farming
 * triangular trade
 * nationalism
 * viewed their on society as superior ||
 * Central/South Americas
 * MI: As Europeans came over to colonize the New World they brought with them new disease, which led to a population decrease, and Columbine exchange began. ** || ** European settlement
 * lure of the New World
 * 1492- Columbus' Voyage
 * Columbian Exchange
 * slavery
 * Treaty of Tordesillas || ** encomienda system
 * natives subjugated, used for labor
 * caste society based on race/ mix
 * Spanish at top
 * mestizos
 * conversions of Natives to Christianity
 * justification for subjugation, b/c viewed as inferior and barbaric
 * arrival of Spaniards/ Conquistadores wiped out large portion of pop. b/c of lack of immunity to small pox, measles, etc.
 * introduction of animals, such as horses and cattle || * Atlantic Slave Trade continued
 * plantation economy developed, where slave labor heavily utilized
 * Christianity served as motive for European expansion ||
 * North America
 * MI: Religious intolerance in Europe led to religious groups freeing to the new world hoping to establish their own settlements, adding to the columbine exchange in North America. ** || *
 * European Arrival
 * Canadian French
 * move down Hudson Bay- 1534
 * English colonies in New England served as refuges for fleeing Calvinists
 * 1607 - Virginia - first permanent British settlement || * Britain growing crowded, motivated many to seek land in New World
 * new setting, people tried to bring Western values/ ideas
 * married younger
 * sometimes mixing of Indian and European
 * nuclear family unit - more emphasis on children
 * Europeans brought diseases that decimated native pop.
 * introduction of horses and weapons, such as guns
 * Columbian exchange || * Columbian exchange
 * brought goods and diseases ||
 * Russia
 * MI: While Russia began with a lack of government it soon developed its ruling royal family the Romonovs, who led Russia into a new age of westernization and exspansion. However agriculture remained the economic force of the nation and serfdom still was preseant. ** || * -Establishment of the Romonov ruling family
 * Serfdom
 * Multiple peasant rebellions
 * Pugachev
 * manors destroyed, land captured
 * liberation from Tartar control
 * Ivan I
 * Ivan III
 * Catherine || * Westernization in Russia
 * under Peter and Catherine
 * Serfdom
 * enslavement of own people for labor
 * power of boyars/ nobles waned
 * shaved mustaches, wear Western style clothing
 * military expansion
 * passing the whip abolished
 * educational and social reform
 * elementary schools, universities
 * relocation of capital to St. Petersburg
 * serfdom
 * led to social unrest
 * St. Petersburg remains capital ||
 * Middle East
 * MI: After the establishment of the three Muslim empires, led to many similarities between the three however they differed religiously as the Safavids were Shi'a. This split led to some religious conflicts, but not many. Muslims rejected all Christian ideas till it got to the point that the Christians became more advanced. ** || * Muslim Empires:
 * Ottoman - 1281
 * Safavid - 16th century
 * Mughal -
 * Battle of Lepanto
 * Muslim influences expelled from Europe || * Ottomans captured Constantinople
 * public works improved under Mehmed II
 * maintain glory of city
 * built mosques
 * warrior nobility
 * absolute monarchy
 * grand vizier led bureaucracy
 * Sunni Ottoman, Mughals/ Shi'a Safavids
 * often waged war
 * Akbar
 * Abbas
 * improved public works and empire
 * Persia restored under Safavids
 * center of learning
 * Safavid warriors --> imperial bureaucracy
 * Persian language used
 * arabic also used || * warrior nobility
 * overlooked designated villages
 * enslaved armies
 * ie. Janissaries
 * schools, mosques, and other public works projects built and financed by gov't
 * Sunni/ Shi'a division
 * Islam ||
 * India
 * mistaken Indians for Christians, believing temples were churches
 * had gold and traded for little spices, b/c did ot bring anything worth trade(iron materials)
 * de Gama's return
 * took over trade via warfare, due to lack of goods to trade
 * threatened and killed merchants
 * French/ British presence in India || * British exerted influence in India
 * est. trading outposts
 * used as source for goods, such as spices
 * ineffective attempts to obtain goods and spices by Portuguese
 * tried to set up forts || * ||
 * China
 * MI: With the restoration of the ethnic China rule and the reunification of the country under the Ming dynasty. Chinese civilization enjoyed a new age of splendor. Renewed agarian and commercial growth supported a population that was the largest of any center of civilization at the time probably exceeding that of all western Europe. ** || * Arrival of Europeans
 * Ming Dynasty - 1368
 * Zhu Yuanzhang
 * 1498-1499 de Gama trade route around Africa and Asia || ** addition to world economy
 * Christian missionaries gain some sort of ground in China
 * population boom, as a result of American crops: maize, sweet potatoes, peanuts --> decreased famine
 * use of silver and other materials as tax
 * increased standard of living
 * created dependency on world goods, which later led to demise
 * traded silk textiles and other goods
 * invading Middle Kingdom
 * spread religion
 * adjusted calendars, introduced new technologies, such as clocks
 * Macao and Canton settlements
 * scholar gentry
 * rid abuses of power in court politics
 * literature and arts flourished
 * renewed interest with outside world || * pop. boom due to decrease in famine and stable food source
 * limited contact with outside world
 * social structure
 * distinction b/t rich and poor ||
 * Japan
 * MI:While originally Japan opens its gates to allow people to come to it, after the Portuguese violated the Japanese, they closed themselves off slowly from the world, untill they were completely isolated from the world. ** || * 1590- Japan unified under Hideyoshi, after death of Nobunaga
 * less tolerant of Europeans/ missionaries
 * European arrival
 * Christian conversion || ** availability of goods brought by traders, from India, China, southeast Asia
 * traded them for silver, copper, pottery, lacquerware
 * European traders and missionaries also brought firearms, printing presses, Western clocks
 * few Christian converts
 * after Nobunaga, either killed or imprisoned
 * technological innovation
 * firearms, clocks, etc
 * 1640s --> trade limited to only Dutch and Chinese || * resentment of the Europeans, preventing interaction between regions
 * isolationism
 * hostility towards Christianity
 * maintained own religion ||
 * Africa
 * MI: After the Europeans established factories on the Cape of Good Hope, they began to interact with the native people of Africa. As they traded their goods, they gained slaves from the Africans. As the desire for slaves grew the Europeans began to enslave multiple people and started trangular trade.** || * Portuguese ships pushed down African coast, reaching Cape of Good Hope, where factories, such as El Mina were established
 * gold mining took place at such forts
 * African slave trade - 1441- first shipment of slaves
 * Missionary efforts to convert rulers of Benin, Congo
 * Nzinga Mvemba, whom them led to conversions of his people
 * Dutch colony at Cape of Good Hope est. by Boers
 * 1833 - British abolishment of slavery in West Indies || * Imbalance in ratio of males and females
 * men were worth more
 * Indies Piece
 * rise of slavery in Americas
 * supplemented plantation economy w/ labor
 * rise ^
 * Middle Passage - slaves forced into cargo compartments, with ratio of dead overwhelmingly greater than surviving
 * Saltwater vs Creole
 * African-born/ American, mixed
 * Abolitionists John Wesley, William Wilberforce
 * 1807- British slave trade abolished
 * 1888- full abolishment of slavery || * Atlantic Slave Trade
 * slaves traded
 * led to slavery in America
 * plantation economy
 * high volume of slave owners
 * gender imbalances in Africa and America
 * mostly men captured to be slaves
 * women as concubines ||