Greece+and+Rome

=**__ Greece﻿ ﻿__**=

//__***For Rome see entry 4***__//

1)Document: Thucydides on Athens (5th c. BCE) and Document: Plutarch on Life in Sparta (1st c. BCE)


 * __Primary Source Analysis__**

__Document__: Athens

*Revisions taken from Jhonny Ton* *Lived in Athens* || What do we know about where this was created? What have we learned about this topic? Society that may be relevant? || -Athens was one of the city states of Greece -Athens was a major city state involved in Ancient Greece - Sparta was its rival - Zeus was the main God of Athens - Athens was one state that flourished in Ancient Greece -Held the Olympics for men with events in throwing javling and etc -Athens was democratic soceity *This society defeats Sparta* || Who is the intended audience? How might they receive this? – quotes to support your claims? || -Athenians, soldiers of Peloponnesian War, and families of those who served in the war. He is praising the people of Athens who fell in the war as well as the people of the city. This can be interpreted that this is a lineage of the sucess of Athens for defeating Sparta. "So died these men as became Athenians. You, their survivors, must be determined to have as unfaltering a resolution in the field, though you may pray that it may have a happier outcome. . . . You must yourselves realize the power of Athens, and feed your eyes upon her from day to day, till the love of her fills your hearts; and then when all her greatness shall break upon you, you must reflect that it was by courage, sense of duty, and a keen feeling of honor in action that men were enabled to win all this, and that no personal failure in an enterprise could make them consent to deprive their country of their bravery except as a sacrifice of the most serious contribution they could offer.”
 * Author – Who created this? What do we know about the author? What might influence their opinions? || The author is Thucydides, a Greek historian. He was a general in the Peloponnesian War. He fought with the Athenians between the Athens and the Spartans. He wrote an account of the first years of the war which is called the History of the Peloponnesian War.
 * **Place** – Where and when was it created - || Greece, around 431- 430 B.C.E., after the Peloponnesian War, to honor soldiers lost in the war, as well as to praise the city of Athens. ||
 * **Prior Knowledge**
 * **Audience**

This quote is a way of praising the people of Athens. He is honoring them for their bravery for fighting in this war. Although they may have died, their sacrifice is the reason why a majority of the people living an Athens can maintain their happiness.

*People of Athens* || What is the purpose of this document? Read between the lines, support claims with a quote || This document was created in order to pay respects to as well as honor Athens. The document is a symbol of the patriotism that Athens has for themselves. It shows their good moral values to keep their traditions. customs, and way of life from changing under the influence of others.
 * **Reason for Creation**

*To honor warriors who died in the war* || Support with quotes || The text is boasting about the superiority of Athens over Sparta. We learn how Athens is a democracy and is thought by its people to be an "ideal" society. They wanted other city states to follow there example, due to their feelings of superiority and idealness. They said that Athens was a model of an ideal society that all city states should follow as an example.
 * **The Main Idea**

*The wanted to display their ability about how they defeated Sparta and spread their ideals of life* || How does this relate to the big picture? What can it tell us as historians? Relate to ESPIRIT if possible || This document would relate to the Interactions and Political aspects of an ESPIRIT chart. It would relate to interactions because the text tells us about the relationship between the Spartans and Athenians, [the peloponesian war]. Athenians thought that their society was perfect and should be a model for the rest of the world to follow. The felt they were a "utopia".
 * **Significance**

*Relates to the big picture because shows the affects of Athens and Spartas interactions* ||


 * __Primary Source Analysis__**

__Document:__ Sparta



*Revisions taken from Jhonny Ton*
 * Author – Who created this? What do we know about the author? What might influence their opinions? || Plutarch was born near Corinth around 45 C.E. He was an optimistic Greek historian. He is noted for his saccounts and philosophical observations. His most notable piece of work is Parallel Lives.

*His influence was based off of his optimism* ||
 * Place


 * – Where and when was it created - || Created in Greece

*Sparta* ||
 * Prior Knowledge

What do we know about where this was created? What have we learned about this topic? Society that may be relevant? || - Sparta was also a city-state of Greece -Sparta had a more violent outlook on life unlike Athens -Trained many men and women to be fit and prepared for battle -Women and men were almost near equal in status -Women played the important role of givning birth to children -Spartans believed that strong women bore strong children *Controlled by a tyrant named Lycurgus who wanted to contro lever aspect of Spartan lives* ||
 * Audience

Who is the intended audience? How might they receive this? – quotes to support your claims? || The audience of this document might be Spartans. This text reveals to us about the violent and bloody aspect of life that the Spartans lived by. However Spartans,might see this document as a praise. The document tells us how although Sparta and Athens are Greek city-states, they differed tremendously, as Sparta demanded and prohibited its people from living lives of their choice.

*Citizens of Sparta and Athens who may be interestesed in knowing how Lycurgus rules and controls his people*

"Among the many innovations which Lycurgus made, the first and most important was his institution of a senate, or Council of Elders, which, as Plato says, by being blended with the "feverish" government of the kings, and by having an equal vote with them in matters of the highest importance, brought safety and due moderation into counsels of state." ||
 * Reason for Creation

What is the purpose of this document? Read between the lines, support claims with a quote || We get an insight into the life of Spartans. Knowledge of the impact on Spartan society caused by its tyranical ruler is also expressed in the text. The Spartan way of life, prevented its inhabitants from living the lives they wanted to live. They were forsed to follow the way of the government. At the age of seven, boys were sent to train and prepare for war. They were taught to operate in unified way, and individuality was disregarded. ". . . as soon as [the boys] were seven years old, Lycurgus ordered them all to be taken by the state and enrolled in companies, where they were put under the same discipline and nurture, and so became accustomed to share one another's sports and studies.... " ||
 * The Main Idea

Support with quotes || The main idea is that Sparta is a more productive city-state than Athens Sparta had with a more devoted and impressive army of men. Theo do not want any other city-states to imitate his customs and ways, fearing that they would use them for "evil." "he actually drove away from the city the multitudes which streamed in there for no useful purpose, not because he feared they might become imitators of his form of government and learn useful lessons in virtue, as Thucydides says, but rather that they might not become in any wise teachers of evil. " Lycurgus is confident in the success and ability of his government, that he believes it would have negative effects, if his methods were in the wrong hands. ||
 * Significance

How does this relate to the big picture? What can it tell us as historians? Relate to ESPIRIT if possible || This document relates to the political and social aspect of the ESPIRIT chart. It's noted that the government was a tyranny. It was stated that the people of Sparta were prohibited from living their own lives the way they wanted. Spartans were only allowed to live lives of the government. Spartans were not allowed to live lives accorinding to their own satisfaction. Spartans were required to remain in their terriotory and train for battle. Specifically boys, by the age of seven, were trained for battle. Men and women shared equal amounts of power, and women were required to remain fit. ||

2) Comparison Athens Sparta Source: Empires documentary http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparta http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Athens - ||
 * || ===Athens=== || ===Sparta=== ||
 * ===Economic=== || -Athens located in the center of the Greek peninsula, traded with other nations like the Persian Empire and Egypt. A main crop traded was olives. || - Sparta created an economy by having the helots farm crops for them in order to produce agriculture. They also produced metal works for weapons. ||
 * ===Political=== ||= -Athens was a democratic society. Athens people were allowed to vote on their leaders and issues. Athens however did suffer a tyranny before it became a democratic state. || -Sparta was ruled by kings who dealt with religious, judicial and military affairs.
 * ===Social=== || - Athenian society was not as "restrictive" as Spartan society, therefore Athens flourished in art, and sciences. It developed a great vast culture influenced by art and the sciences. However women were required to remain in the home.* || Sparta forced it people to live a life influenced by military. Women and men were set on a mostly equal standard. Once a child was born they were expected to fight for the honor of their nation and live a life of war and fighting.* ||



- Men played more of a role in society than women did - Had schools for people to attend - More artistic, and culture || - A life style based on war and fighting - Women were expected to give birth to strong babies if they were strong themselves - Had equal rights for both sexes - People lived by the government and military ||
 * ===Religious=== |||| Athens and Sparta both worshiped the Greek gods and goddesses. ||
 * ===Cultural/ Intellectual=== || -Grew olives and used as an agricultural profit

3) Documentry Notes

-508 B.C in Athens the people turned on the government leaders to to appresion. - Clynes helped free the Greeks of Athens to become free -Clysnes born 517 B.C -Clysnes families origin of wealth is based on myth -Wealth = powered -Aristicrat controlled all of Anchient Athens -The acropolos was built as a strong hold -Reading and writting was a rare skill -Life expenctensy at birth was 15years -Aristocrats dominated ancient Athens -Greec was divided into city styates, each with different customes, and rulers - City statesall sought to maintain there own independance and stretch their rule over other nations. -Sparta's people were brought up from birth to be soldiers. Thei lives revolved around disipline and war. - Sparatns had very little control on their lives. They were there to serve the army. -Sparta conqured more then 4,00 square miles of land - The helots were the slave class of Sparta, who needed to serve in the fields. - Sparta appeared to be the only Greek city state at Clynses time that could build an empire - Greeks had many ancient tales and myths who gave inspiration of dreams. - Passing of myths orally passed millions of lines of poetry and stories, although they had developed no writting. -Heroes were seen as mighty achievers -Pysirits came into Athens and demanded power. -Pysirits claimed a women he was with was his godesswho protected him -Pysritis introduced tax revenue and introduced loans to help people build up farms and help the economy -Olive trees helped everything about the Greeks by making oils, and etc -Athens gained wealth through trade with the ancient Mediterrainian world. - In 514 B.C Hipitas brother was murdered, and his attitude shifted -Hipitas became worried that everyone was aginst him -Clynses defeated Hippitasand overthrew him -The olympics of Greece were the ancestor to modern day olympics -Olmpic games were running, chariot races,wrestling, and etc -women were prohibbeted from watching or participating in the olympics. -Isagerus rose to challenge Clynsetenese. -Isagerus got help from theSpartansin order to help defeat Clynsese in Athens -After coming to power Isagerus got rid of the Aristocrats -The ordinary people of Athens, took their destiny into their own hands by revolting again rule of Isagerus -508 B.C when Athens became set free from Isagerus/ Spartan rule -Clystense was called back to Athens when the Spartans were realesed from the city and he began to set up a goverment -Clystinese deveolped a democratic was of government, so the people could select their rulers "white rock yes* *black rock no* - Met every 9days to discuss isssues - The Persians were the greatest ruling empire of Athens day -The Persiansfelt Athen's may soon become a threat

=**__﻿ROME__**= 4) ESPIRIT Rome

Source: http://library.thinkquest.org/28111/newpage1.htm Also other classmates Jhonny Ton, Carolyn Lam, Alex Yu, Omar Khoshafa, Daniel Gylnn, Malorie Macdonald, Kevin Schlegel(me) -These staple crops required immense capital and therefore led to the growth of farmer debt which led to much tenant farmers and aristocratic control.
 * E || -Following farmers in Greece, Roman farmers began to grow olives and grapes as the staples of Roman agriculture.

-Advancement of commercial agriculture through the use of colonies in other geographical areas allowed for the growth of Rome as an empire.

-Roman colonies in Egypt and Sicily served as a consistent source of grain, as did other colonies in the Mediterranean for different resources.

-Slavery was fundamental in providing free labor and for maintenance of Roman cities –

-Slavery also major cause for expansion (expansion = $) ||
 * S || - Social structure was based on heredity, property, wealth, citizenship, and freedom.

-Men were more dominate than women, and women were expected to stay home do housework.

-Class bounderies were strict and enforced, different classes cloudn't interact with one another.

-Members of different classes dressed differently. Emperors wore purple togas, cenators wore white togas with a purple strip along the edge,

-Upper class gave protection to those who became their clients

-Most middle class were farmers and had their own communities and rich rules

-There were 3 classes and each was subdivided

-Slaves of conqured nations were the lowest of the lowest and had hard jobs

-Women could be punished or killed by their husband, but women could get divorce, but they'd lose 1/3 of their land.

-Women were seen as less important and when families would have to many babies, theyd kill the female babies.

(Picture from Malorie Macdonald's Wiki) ||
 * P || - Greece and Rome had been ruled by aristocrats and also displayed certain elements of democracy.

-Greek --> city-states

-Rome --> Republic ||
 * I || -commercial trade with Mediterranean, India, and East Asia

- sold grain, wine, olives

- bought luxury items from China and India; (Picture from Daniel Glynn's wiki) ||
 * R || -Romans had a pagenistic religion

-The Romans didn't have a mythology type of religion. Unlike the Greeks, the Romans believed everything had a spirit. These spirits were thought to influence good or evil, on daily life.

-The Romans had to keep their gods satisfied through worship and sacrifice. If the rituals and sacrifices were performed properly the Romans believed the gods would be happy and help them.

-Religious tolerance was a policy among the emperors.

-Many of the gods were named after the planets example Jupiter, Mars.

- Two types of priests: priests for the general supervision of religion, and priest for particular deities.

-Puto's thinking was similar to Conucianism

-Aristole the philosopher knew that there was balance of human behavior unlike politics and "excess of the gods themselves" ||
 * I || -Roads were bulit by the Romans. Aquadets were built in order to help sreap water to different areas. A new design of building called arches were designed.

-Roman writers made advancements in poetry such as the poet Vergil.

-Rome portrayed people through art

- Rome contributed to poetry but not epics like the Illid and Odyssy

-Romans were influenced by Greek art and society

-Romans were also athletic -Rome had poets ||
 * T || -Aqueducts- system of plumbing- very advanced technology for their time period

-Advanced system of roads - "all roads lead to Rome"

-catapults, siege engines- War machines

-magnifying glass

(Picture from Daniel Glynn's wiki) ||

5)Key Terms

**Hellenistic period**: A period during the decline of Alexander the great empire, where Greek culture began to mix with other cultures. **Cyrus the Great**: The creator of the great Persian Empire. **Zoroastrianism:** A religion created by the Persians. **City-state:** Small city "countries" or states that ruled as their own kingdom. Many Greek cities were city states such as Athens and Sparta.**Sparta:** A city state of Greece, it was known for its strong military aristocracy dominating a slave population. **Athens:** Another city state of Greece, which was known for its exporting to the Meditteraian world. It also utilized slave labor and expressing artistic and intellectual leadership. **Pericles:** He was an aristocrat and promoted ideas of democracy. After freeing Athens from tyranny, he helped set up the new political structure that Athens would use. **Peloponnesian Wars(431-404 B.C.E):** A war between the two city states of Athens and Sparta, over control of Greece. Sparta won the war. **Roman republic:** Established around 509 B.C.E., when Roman aristocrats toppled their monarchy. The Romans had been highly military oriented, having its incentives initially to protect its territory from possible rivals. **Punic Wars:** 264- 146 B.C.E. result of Roman conquest, the Punic Wars involved Rome and armies of the Phoenician city of Carthage, centered on the northern coast of Africa. The wars included the defeat of Carthaginian general Hannibal. To conclude the war, the Romans sprinkled salt around Carthage to prevent fertility of land.

**Julius Caesar:** A political leader of the Roman Empire. He almost became the first emperor of Rome, however he was assasinated by other political figures, who didn't want the kings to return to Rome. **Augustus Caesar:** seized power in 27 B.C.E., and was Julius Caesar’s grand nephew. He rose to power after Julius Ceasars assasination, and defeating the rebels. **Direct democracy:** by 5th century Athens, the major decisions of state were made by general assemblies in which all citizens could participate. Direct democracy revolved around the idea of not ruling through elected representatives. The assembly met every 10 days, and the executive officers, including judges, were chosen for brief terms to control their power, and were subject to review by the assembly. **Senate:** he most important legislative branch of the Roman government, it is much the senate of the U.S **Consul:** Had the most executive power in Roman government. A high position of political power. **Twelve Tables:** first code of law introduced by the Roman republic in 450 B.C.E. These laws were intended to restrain the upper classes from arbitrary action and to subject them, as well as ordinary people, to some common legal principles. The Roman empire believed that the laws could be adjusted accordingly. **Aristotle:** a philosopher, whom, among other Greek philosophers, sought a separate model for ethical behavior. He stressed the importance of moderation and balance in human behavior as opposed to the instability of much political life and the excesses of gods themselves. 6) Comparison between Han China and Rome (group work Me, Jessica, Jhonny, and Harris)

Political: Rome had a Roman republic for political structure, while the Han dynasty of China used a monarchy (set of emperors) to govern their land, bureaucracy. In roman republic, there was a legislation, the senate, and primary executive officers. People could go to assemblies to vote for a magistrate. In bureaucracy, ruler used a general law for the overall land. A ruler assign a governor who ruled and controlled a part of land. In the division of land, local officers controlled and created order in the land.

Social/interactions: Land Size/Population - more room in China for population and less in Rome Because of the size, it was harder to control the Chinese empire right? But then Rome was all split up by mountains. The geographic location of China was also isolated from the rest of Eurasia. Both patriarchal society

Religion: Confucianism in China, while Greek God’s + start of Christianity in Roman Empire. Greco-Rome believes, they in the complex set gods and goddess who regulated human life, pantheon+ Rome had a diverse religious structure + no other influence on culture and interactions.

Laws: More Tax, during fall of Han China

-Fall of Rome: They were constantly attacked/sacked by barbarians and control of army and it’s people were nonsuccessive. “As a result they prospered and their population greatly increased requiring ever increasing sums of Roman gold to placate them. Eventually the sums of money need to buy off the barbarians became so great that it drained the Roman treasury of money needed to maintain the Roman army and hold the empire together.”

//“Armies were harder to keep due to population decrease, since birth rate was very low at the time. The Roman army is made up of soldier-farmers who must spend years away from their farms defending Rome. When they return, their farms are in ruins and have to be sold to rich men who use slave labour to do the farming. The soldiers are forced to move to cities. “//

Economics: Both Rome and Han China depended on trade, even though different materials were being traded. Han China used the silk road as a way of trading with other nations. Some of the items that Han China traded fine items like silk and spice. Romans traded items like grapes and olives with other parts of the known area. The benefits of slavery, were visible in Rome, who used slaves to better benefit their economy, where in Han China, slavery was not as popular or common.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Technology: Han China invented things like the seismograph which allowed the Chinese to read earthquake activities. During the dynasty of Han China paper was invented and was used in many different ways. The production and process of harvesting and plowing crops increased due to the inventions of collars that allowed the Chinese to use animals that did the job more efficiently. Rome invented such materials as aqueducts which is plumbing, magnifying glass and the siege machine.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Intellectual: Roman, arches were built to enable people to transport heavy amounts of items, while in Han China the wheel barrel was used to help transport items.. Art was being used to portray the human beauty in Rome, with sculptures, while in Han China art was defined by paintings. During the Han dynasty they were studying about hygiene and how better hygiene could improve peoples life span People believed that parents had the rights to discipline their children even if it meant to severely injure or kill them and they would not be punished for it.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Interaction: Roman was in constant warfare, while China was much more isolated. The fall of Rome was easily because of the barbarians and the goths who constantly fight for power of Rome. They had external wars, with the Punic War between the Carthage. But Besides that, Interactions often within their own territory, Rome had interactions, enemies and friends within the Mediterranean Sea. The Chinese were not attacked by many, except by the Monguls and Huns. Han China was separated into two dynasty

7)Summary

Classical Greece and Rome were very similar but also different. The economies of both civilizations were both based on their commercial agricultural products, as well as trade and slavery. Greek culture was influenced deeply by the spread of ideas, through **Alexander the Great**'s empire, and Roman culture was influenced by the Greeks. The political aspects of both nations also were similar. The Greeks and Romans both had politics ruled by Aristocrats; however both governments introduced democratic ideas and forms to operate. The forms of democracy however were different. The Greeks used a form of **direct democracy, with** people gathering to agree on things, rather than going through the process of electing officials to govern them. The Romans form of democracy however used a different form of democracy where there was a **senate**, much like the senate of the United States, and two **consuls** as the head officials. The Roman Empire was more wide spread than the Greeks, who assumed smaller city states, rather than a single shared land mass. The Greeks fought over land against each other through war such as the **Peloponnesian War.** The Romans on the other hand only had to fight other people, after they united themselves, under one rule. Greece and Rome both didn't develop a major religion like Christianity, or Buddhism, instead they worked on studying philosophy, science, and art. Romans and Greeks both made many scientific advancements as well as artistic advancements.