Byzantines

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(The Hagia Sophia in Constantinople)

1)Google Map on Istanbul
media type="googlemap" key="http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&q=Constantinople,+Alemdar+Mh.,+34110+Istanbul+Province%2FIstanbul,+Turkey&sll=42.617791,34.980469&sspn=28.790583,78.662109&ie=UTF8&cd=1&geocode=FTHHcQId2x-6AQ&split=0&hq=&hnear=Constantinople,+Turkey&ll=41.010993,28.975067&spn=7.820277,28.037109&z=6&output=embed" width="425" height="350" Constantinople, is located in the area surronding the Bosphorus straight. This straight connects the Black Sea with the Sea of Maramara. This location is ideal for trade, because merchants are able to pass between the two seas, and head to other areas where other civilizations exist. The Maramara sea, connects to the Agean sea, which the Greeks rise in. The Aegean also connects to the Mediteranean which links them to civilizations of further Europe and Africa. This linkage, allows for the Byzantines to trade and even commit navel warfare with multiple nations.

2) Outline the foundation of Byzantium
Read 194-198 - Outline the foundation of Byzantium, Outline The achievements of Justinian -Find and upload any images relevant to your notes

__**Prereading:**__


 * King Vladimir, had a decision to make about which religion to use for his people.
 * 1) Rejected Judaism because it was not associated with with a strong state
 * 2) Rejected Catholicism because he didn't want interference from the pope
 * 3) Rejected Islam because of its prohibition of alcohol


 * The Byzantine empire was Russia's neighbor, and it was a leading trade partner, as well as a military ally
 * Vladimir was eager to marry a sister of a Byzantine emperor
 * Byzantine had a lasting affect on Russian history, bring Orthodox Christianity, art, and literature to the region
 * Christianity's boundaries extended eastward conflicting with Islam
 * Byzantine Empire was what was left of the Roman Empire (eastern Roman Empire)
 * Christianity opened people up to a monotheistic religion rather than a polytheistic one
 * Eastern Europe was seen as more advanced typically than Western Europe

__**Byzantine:**__




 * Began in the **4th century C.E** when the Romans set up their eastern capital Constantinople
 * Enjoyed stable boundaries, with solid tax base and agriculture
 * Constantinople was responsible for the Balkan peninsula, northern middle east, Mediterranean coast, and north Africa
 * Latin was the court language, but was later replaced by Greek
 * Read Greek philosophical and literary classics
 * Roman administration moved to Constantinople
 * Didn't rely on barbarian troops to fight for the army
 * Were able to ward off invasions from the Huns
 * Christianity began to become the main religion, as Constantinople began to be filled with Christian churches
 * Greek became main language around 6th century C.E
 * High commerce on the Mediterranean
 * Created a large bureaucracy
 * Became it's own empire after the fall of western Roman Empire
 * Recruited armies from the Middle East, an not from barbaric troops

__**Justinian's Achievements:**__


 * Ruled from 527 C.E to 565 C.E
 * Attempted to reconquer territories that were originally part of the western Roman Empire, which had been lost to invasions of Germanic and other barbaric peoples. Only attempted this because of the security of the Byzantine's borders. It was a last attempt to reestablish a great empire like that of Rome
 * His wife Theodora had a heavily influence on him
 * Theodora pushed Justinian towards the idea of expansion because of response to popular unrest




 * Extended into Roman architecture and developed domes an example is the **Hagia Sophia** . This was an achievement in engineering, as well as architecture, as no one had previously been able to develop supports needed for a large dome of its size.
 * The unified law, caused less confusion, but also united and organized the state bureaucracy
 * The fixed code of Justinian, helped spread Roman principles of law to various parts of Europe
 * Justinian's general **Belisarius**, helped lead to an expansion of the empire into north Africa, and Italy.




 * Established a temporary capital in Ravenna Italy, which became a key artistic center of the empire, where many Christian mosaics were created.\
 * Although he recaptured parts of Italy, they couldn't hold against Germanic pressures. North African territory was also soon taken over
 * His westward ambitions led to a weakness in defense and the Persians took advantage of this and attacked the northern Middle East.
 * Justinian eventually drove the Persians away, however it caused heavy tax pressures on the government, and caused stress which led to his downfall
 * Died in 565 C.E

2) Byzantine Empire ESPIRIT Chart
Constantinople the major city for controlling the countryside, regulating tax and control food prices. Imported silk worms from China and exported other goods such as spices and carpets to the north. Economy happened to be introduced to the Northeastern borders of the Chinese empire as well as the Asian countries. || Queens/women were allowed to rule while ascertaining them through ceremonial powers Peasant large class were vital to supplying goods and providing bulk of tax revenues. || -Women could obtain the imperial throne -Theodora was able to manage unruly nobles, and and limit bureaucrat corruption -Bureaucrats added centralized imperial authority -Bureaucrats were trained by learning philosophy, science, and Greek classics -Aristocrats dominated government, however talent also promoted an importance of people -Eunuches were officials close to the emperor -Government used spies to maintain loyalty -Provincial governors kept tracks of military authorities -Government promoted figures to the church - || Interactions with Russian, they were trading partners and military. Married sister of the Byzantine Emperor. || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">__Ideas of State and Church mixed together__ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">: Byzantine conform more to their ideas of church-state relations. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Greek bible was translated to Latin bible, developed different rituals in the 4th century <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">__Clear separation of Western and Eastern Christianity__ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">. Eastern church the pope was first among equals. In Byzantine, papal directives had no hold in church but state became larger in control. Different monastic movements under different rules. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">In 1054, church patriarch people like, Patriarch Michael in Constantinople raise a host of old issues like the which kind of beard for “Christ’s Last Supper” <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Roman Catholic practices were attacked, popes were excommunication. Separation of Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Late-12th century in Constantinople church patriarch argued Muslim rule over that of the pope <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">To this day, these separation still exists. || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Icon paintings: of religious Christian holy figures of saints. ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">E || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Taxation on the Capital through Trade along the Seas connecting the trade, created revenue for the capital
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">S || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Latin -> Greek, Latin became a barbaric language. Troops were rewarded after being recruited locally most were Armenian Christians and Slavs, known as Roman system.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">P || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-The emperor was the head of the church and state
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">I || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Middle-Eastern armies + advanced boundaries to North Africa, Spain, and Italy
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">R || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">HI :D
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">I || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Engineering and architecture achievements like the Hagia Sophia
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">T || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Hagia Sophia = holy dome of wisdom, one of the greater architectural achievements that allow for the cultural value of religion

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Boundaries -> North Africa, Spain, Italy, <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Greece fire of sulfur mixture, quicklime, and [|petroleum to] defend invading ships ||

3)Justinian Document Mark-Up
Document summary: In this document Justian is explaining the principles in which the government is founded upon. The first section depicts natural law and civil law. Nautral law is the laws in which multiple civilizations or groups of people share. It is the law in which all peoples practice. Civil law is the law of the people in which a specific group makes. When people refer to others civil laws, they refer to it by their name than saying civil law (ex Roman civil law). The next section depicts the laws of the people. The laws of the people ensure the freedome of all people, unless the law prevents them. It also identifies how people become slaves. It states that one is either born into slavery, or becomes a slave through a conflict of war. And their is no distinction between slaves, however their is a distinction between free men as people can be born free or they end up buying their freedome. The final section was on marriage and the principles for marriage. Its main points were that you couldn't marry someone blood relation or some form of family relation. It also tells us that intermarriage of different classes (free and slaves) is also seen as forbidden. Any breakage of these laws, resulted in the couple being seen as making a criminal act. By comitting a criminal act they would than be severely punished for such actions

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Ideas of other docs

Doc 2: Law was strict about how you obtsained things/ and how property was owned. Defined slave issues such as running away. Religion over rules everything.

Doc 3: Defines the specific conditions for buying a selling

Who were Cyril and Methodius? What did they accomplish?
Cyril and Meathodius were missionaries,o who were sent into what is now the Czec and Slovak Republic in order to help spread Byzantine version of Christianity(Greek Orthodox). They failed in this region, however they traveled towards the Balks, towards Russia. In this region, they were successful in their attempt to spread the Byzantine version of Christianity, because they could speak the Slavic language and were able to spread the Orthodox version of Christianity that the Byzantine Empire used.

How did events in the Middle East affect the demographics of the East Central borderlands?
The East Central borderlands were of the Jewish demographic. The Jews occupied this area because in the Middle East, because of the crusades and Muslim influence gaining control in the area. They fled from Western Europe, because of the intolerance of religion in the area. The Jews were able to emphasis on education and literacy for males mostly. They also were able to produce agriculture and a stengthed commerce while maintaining their own religious beliefs and ideals. Jews fled the Middle East due to the Muslim surge and combined with the Jews fleeing western intolerance, a large Jewish community built up in the East Central borderlands, especially Poland. The Jews eventually became a prominent culture in Eastern Europe renown for their emphasis on education and literacy.

Outline the development of the Kievan Rus
The people of Kievan Rus were originally from areas of Asia, but they migrated to the area surrounding Russia. They originally were a anmist type of religion, in that they had multiple Gods for the surrounds such as fire, sun, wind. Around 6th century C.E, traders from Scandanavia began to enter the Slavic homelands. Along the Dniper river, they traded and made contact with the Byzantine Empire. As trade progressed between the two lands, the people founded cities along the routes such as the city of Kiev. In Kiev, the people set up a government similar to the Byzantine's. They also adopted the religion of the Byzantine Empire ( Orthodox), to all of the people and rulers of the area. Eventually though they segregated their church as a specific distinction calling themselves the **Russian Orthodox Church**. They became a ruling state in the European area, and continued to follow the example in which Byzantine set for them.

What important decision was made by Vladimir I?
Vladimir the first had to choose what specific type of religion that the people of Kiev would use. He looked towards the Byzantine Empire for an example and support for his choice. He knew he didn't want Judaism because it was not associated with a supreme state. He denied Islam because of its no alcoholic drink policy. He also denied Christianity because he didn't want interference with the pope. He looked to thee Byzantines for an example and decided to adopt their version of Christianity which was the Orthodox Christianity.After making his decision, he converted to this religion and forced his subjects to also convert by setting up baptisms and using military pressure to force people to convert.

What were some of the major similarities and differences between Byzantium and the Kievan Rus?
The people of Kievan Rus shared many similarities with the Byzantine Empire, The religion in which both empires used was the same. The people of Kievan Rus adopted the Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine people. In the city of Kiev, a monarchy was set up that gave the ruler similar power to that of the Byzantine emperor. They created a formal law code that was heavily influenced by the law codes of the Byzantine people that it covered details such as trade, community issues, and basic law. The church was also controlled by the state in both areas. The emperor in both Kievan Rus and Byzantine had supreme control of the religion and church. Finally both areas took and read texts from Greek and Latin texts. This allowed both groups of people to know how to speak Slavic, Greek, and Latin with one another. -Practice on Monogomy -More cultural traditionalism in Russia -

What factors led to the decline of the Kievan Rus?
As time past, many reasons caused for the decline of Kievan Rus. Starting around the 12th century C.E, the empire began its decline. The royal families began to fought with one another over the succession of a ruler. As the Byzantine Empire began to decline, the trade between the two empires declined, and the people of Kievan Rus were heavily affected. They had been to dependent on the Byzantines and because they were declining, it affected Kievan Rus. The Mongols began to attack Rusian cities and they eventually captured Kievan Rus. As the Mongol rule continued, they caused literature to suffer and trade reached a worst state than any prior time. The people had to pay the invaders a tribute to keep some of their cultural aspects like their religion. After Constantinople fell, the people of Kievan Rus began to gain their freedom back. After gaining their freedom they tried to become the new 3rd Rome, but didn't reach this height.

Summary On Eastern and Western Europe: The Problem of Boundaries
A civilizations boundaries were affected by the everyday aspects of their lives. Division of boundaries could be based upon a number of things, for example in Eastern and Western Europe, the people were segregated partially by the Christian and Orthodox christian religions. If you compare the boundaries politically, the areas of Poland, Hungary, and Lithuania formed large regional states. The different states had individual rulers who developed the nations but were limited due to the large aristocracy limited these rulers ability to rule over large state areas. Trade patterns also helped closely unite lands such as Poland and Hungary with western Europe. Invasions from foreign invaders can shrink boundaries as the intruders capture lands in the area, thus limiting ones control over areas.

5) Summary On Eastern Europe Development
Main Idea: After the fall of Rome, the Byzantine Empire returned as the new third Rome. The Byzantines had a widespread affect on other surrounding civilizations such as Kievan Rus, in the fact that they spread new ideas and cultutre to the foriegn reagion such as religion (Orthodox Christianity), government principles, and language.

In the yearss prior to the Roman Empire's fall, emperor Constantine set up a new capital in the east. This eastern capital was called Constantinople and it was the begging of the Byzantine Empire. After Rome's demise in 476 C.E, the eastern part of the Roman Empire lived on although the west had fallen, as the Byzantine Empire. The Byzantine people tried to rebuild Rome's greatness with the help of several rulers such as Justinian. Justinian helped revive many Roman principles of law, and recapture lost territories in the west. The Byzantine peoplke also founded a new version of Christianity called Orthodox Christianity. Up in the areas surrounding Russia laid Kievan Rus. A Slavic area, where the people came into contact with the Byzantine's through trade along the Dubinh River. The Byzantine people helped wide spread new cultural ideas to this new rejion and had an ever lasting influence even after their demise.