Russia+and+Japan+Industrialization+outside+the+West

1)Russia Questons

 * 1. What was the Decemberist uprising? What were its causes and effects?**
 * The **Decembertist** uprising was a revolt of Western-oriented army officers that occurred in 1825. The uprising was caused by Nicholas I inspiring to be more adamant conservatism. The uprising led to repression of political opponents and the secret police being expanded. Also the schools and newspapers that were already confined to a small minority became even more supervised.


 * 2. What were the weaknesses of the Russian economy?**
 * The Russian economy at the time was to dependent on the use of serfs as laborers. This type of use and poor treatment of serfs didn't lead to a strive to push for harder work, which was a major source of strife that other nations used to up production. However Russia also was still limited in aspects of what it could do with its territory. It still remained largely agricultural and in terms of technology, they were still behind other western nations, which meant they weren't close to achieving industrialization.


 * 3. What caused the Crimean War? what were its major effects?**
 * Russian attempts to conquer territories in the Ottoman empire led to the Crimean war. The Western nations such as Britain and France were worried that Russian expansion into this domain would lead to an interruption with their colonies in India. This would set these nations back, so as a result the British and French forced Russian troops out of the Ottoman territory. The effects of this war led Russia to relook at its government. They had come to the conclusion that the reason why they lost to the westerners was because of the fact that the British and French had been more industrialized and able to handle more production making them stronger. As a result reforms were beginning


 * 4. Why were serfs emancipated? how did their emancipation differ from the emancipation of slaves in the U.S.? What changes did it create?**
 * The emancipation of serfs rested of the idea that neither slavery nor rigorous serfdom accommodated economic needs of a society seeking an independent position in Western-dominated world trade. The emancipation differed from the U.S because in the U.S when slaves were freed, that's all they got. They weren't given anything, however the Russian people gave their serfs land after being emmancipated.


 * 5. What were the Zemstvoes? How successful were they**?
 * The zemstovoes were a new political council that gave a voice in the regulation of schools, roads, and other regional policies. They were founded by Alexander II in the 1860s. They were able to give the middle class people new political experiences and they were able to undertake adequate problems.


 * 6. What was the significance of the Trans-Siberian railroad?**
 * The Trans-Siberian railroad was finished in 1870s. The railroad connected European Russia with the Pacific. The railroad stimulated expansion of Russia's iron ad coal sector. The development of the railroad also stimulated the export of grain to the West, which soon became a source of major currency. It also led to more developmetn near railroads such as factories. And after expansion of railroads Russia soon began a small industrialization phase.


 * 7. What economic reforms were enaced by Sergei Witte**
 * Sergei Wittie enacted high tariffs to protect new Russian industry. He also improved the banking system along with encouraging Western investors to build great factories that had advanced technology. Due to the policies by 1900, most of the Russian industry was foreign owned and operated. Russia however was ahead in some productions with steel such as being the fourth largest producer of it


 * 8. What were the signs that Russia was headed to revolution? (think about - intelligentsia, anarchists, Marxists, Bolsheviks.)**
 * Protest of workers and peasants due to unfair treatment and policies
 * Famines and other events provoking uprisings
 * New radical beliefs being heavily expressed by people and the ideas spread
 * Russian **intelligentsia** desired reform while still maintaining a distinct Russia

2) Japan Questions

 * 1. Explain major developments in Japan in the early 1800's**
 * The life and culture of the Japanese people began to develop under the Tokugawa regime. Neoconfucianism continued to gain ground among the elite classes at Budhism expenses. Schools to educate the lower classes called **terakoyas** were being developed to educate the lower classes on writing and literature. This led to an increase in the literacy rate of the people in Japan. Tensions were beginning to form on traditionalism and reformism. Japan began to open some what to other people by allowing Dutch writings to be seen. A second minority of studies called **Dutch Studies** which opened. The Dutch were praised for their knowledge of anatomy, and Chinese culture was beginning to be less desired.

2. What effect did the actions of Commodore Perry have on Japan? (include details on Samurai discontent)

 * Commodore Perrry's actions caused Japan to become open to the world again and abandon their isolationism that they'd been practicing. The Japanese soon began opening ports for trade with other powers as well because Japan saw that it had no chocie because of the superior technology and weapons the west had. While some accepted this change members of the bureacracy and samurai did not. Samurai were divided intially as some supported the idea and others didn't. The first initial sign of distress was seen when a samurai began attack British officials. Eventually the struggle of the samurai led to a civil war in 1866 in Japan. In 1868 it ended and a new govern group was established to govern Japan.

3. List the actions taken by the Meiji State

 * The Meji state began by abolishing feudalism and replacing the daimyos in 1871 with nationally appointed prefects. Officials were sent to the UNited States and western Europe to study economic and political institutions and technology. This began to shift the view of the Japanese to revoke their idea of foreign influence being bad. Japan than sought to promote demostic development accompanied by diplomatic policy to aboid antagonizing the west, Fundemental improvements followed when the samurai group was abolished the the stipends were recevied. Tax on agriculture was was converted to wider tax making it mroe payable. In 1884 a new conservative nobility In 1889 limited powers are place on the parliment or Diet. Modled government after a German model.


 * 4. Explain how Japan Industrialized - (Private and government roles)**
 * The Japanese government soon began to set up banks which allowed funding for trade. Soon the funding allowed for the development of railroads and steamer which helped with the controlling of manufacturing. Mines, shipyards and metallurgic plants were state operates and provided new technolgies to Japan. Privete enterprises helped Japan as they backed the growing economy by investing textiles.

5. List ways that Industrialization changed Japan

 * Industrialization led to a big change in Japan. Japan once didn't appreciate the westo r want anything to do with, however now Japan looked for the west for raw materials, and the technology that they'd been lacking over the years so that they could become more productive. While industrilization developed in incorporated the use of women, as they began working in manufacturing to help with industries. To further industrialize jobs that needed workers hired those who would accept low paying salaries (typically lower / farming classes). Industrilization however also allowed for Japan to avoid being captured by another world power. Unlike China Japan had been suseptible to foreign conquest much earlier and industrilization sent it into a new age where it could now defend itself.