The+Last++Great+Nomadic+Challenges+,+From+Chinggis+Khan+to+Timur



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1) ESPIRIT on The Mongols

 * E || ﻿-Benefitted other conqured nations when they recronstructed cities

- Mongols were nomadic people who depended on herding of animals



-Primary things herded were goats and sheep
 * Because they were herders, the Mongols found new pastures every season

-The primary foods produced were meats and milk products created by the herd
 * Also they gain grain and vegetables through trade w/ sedentary farmers

-Traded hides and dairy products to obtain
 * jewelry, weapons, and clothing

-Tributes from captured areas

|| //**What are the similarities and differences between the development of the Arabs and the development of the Mongols?**//
 * S || //**The Mongols originally lived in a society of multiple clans based kin tribes, however over time they united under the rule of Chinggis Khan and became a warrior culture**//

Lived in kin- related tribes
 * Men held dominance in the tribe when it came to leadership, however women had some influence
 * Women couldn't achieve highest position of power

Vital leadership skills:courage in battle, and bravery in hunt

When leaders became ill or old, their subordinates would abandon them

People depended on their leader for survival

Women were able to have an influence when it came to issues with the family

Children learned to fight at a young age (both women and men)
 * Learned to ride horses
 * learned basic aspects of fighting especially the usage of bow and arrows
 * Organization and discipline on war levels
 * Lifestyle of physical courage and love of combat

Ability to forge alliances and cause others idependent on the Mongols



Were tolerant to the people who surrendered and paid their tributes
 * Allowed these people to freely practice their own religions

Those who refused to surrender to the Mongols when they came knocking, were wiped out and obliterated.
 * They threw captured peoples from the city walls in which the people lived in
 * Sold other members into slavery

|| -Organized into tribes, which was divided into kin-related clans
 * P || **__Early 12th Century__**

--When preparing for a raid or being attacked by an outside force, the different tribes would combine to be one to fight together

--Leaders strengths held the groups together. weak leaders led to disorganization and lead to the demise of a united tribe

--When threats ended, the Mongols would become multiple tribes again ﻿breaking their alliance

--Leadership positions were dominated by men


 * //__Kabul Khan__//**- Chinggis Khan's great grandfather
 * Led and allied Mongol army to defeat an army of the Qin kingdom of China
 * Soon after this became ill and died

//__Rulers after Kabul Khan and before Chinggis Khan__//
 * Couldn't hold the Mongol alliance that was previously established
 * Unable to defeat nomadic adversaries
 * Mongol's be came divide and were eventually beaten down


 * //__Chinggis Khan__//**- Was named Temujin, he was born in the 1170's into the splinter clans




 * After his father was poisoned, he was forced to become the new chief of his tribe
 * Was eventually captured and taken prisoner by enemy tribes in 1182, however he managed to escape back to his family
 * After joining with an allied chief, he avenged his tribe's lost pride against an enemy tribe with an alliance of another supporter
 * Gained a great reputation for being an outstanding warrior and military commander
 * In 1206 a **kuriltai** (meeting of all Mongol chiefs) was held were he was elected to be the **khagan**, or supreme ruler of the Mongols
 * Divided his armies into **tumens**, or fighting units
 * First campaign in 1207 on the Xi Xia in northwest China, where he forced the rulers to declare themselves vassals
 * Next attacked the Jin Empire in North China
 * -With the help of captured Chinese, the Mongols adapted new weapons to defeat the remained Chinese people in China
 * Attacked the Kara Khitai Empire of the Islamic world, overwhelmed them by 1219
 * Defeated the Khwarazan Empire
 * Established a new capital at Karakorum
 * Tolerant to the cities and people who surrendered to Mongol control and also those who paid their tribute
 * Developed an administrative framework which derived talents of both Muslim and Chinese bureaucrats
 * Developed a script for Mongolian language
 * Stared recored keeping and established standardized law
 * Established the Mongol Empire to stretch from Eastern Persia to the North China Sea
 * Died in 1227

__**Ogedei**__-Chinggis Khan's third son




 * Not a capable military leader
 * Was a crafty diplomat as well as a good manipulator
 * Directed campaigns to further expand Mongol control
 * Destroyed peace within the empire due to his expansions

__**Batu**__-The grandson of Chinggis Khan, was the son of Chinggis khan's deceased son Jochi




 * Began an invasion of Russia in 1236
 * Attacked a weak Russia area with cities such as Kiev in decline
 * Russian's nicknamed the Mongol troops **Tatars**, which means people from hell
 * Preferred Winter invasions, due to the frozen earth providing good footing for the horses and easy access across frozen rivers
 * Ryzan, Moscow, and Vladimir were destroyed, as the cities refused to surrender to Mongol control: inhabitants were killed or sold into slavery
 * Novgorod and Kiev were spared due to the coming of spring ruining Mongol plans
 * Returned in the winter of 1240 which led to the capture of Kiev, the Saint Sophia cathedral was spared from assult
 * Novogrod was spared as their prince surrendered
 * Moscow's original destruction led to it being rebuilt by the Mongols, and led to its revival of power
 * At **the battle of Kulikova**, the Mongols were defeated, and Russia was free from bondage


 * __Hulegu__**-Another grandson of Chinggis Khan, ruler of the Ilkhan portions of the Mongol Empire




 * Led attacks on the Islamic world
 * Captured and destroyed Baghdad in 1258, the cities ressitance led to the death of the Abbasid caliph and 800,000 people
 * Ended the dynasty that had ruled the core of the Islamic world
 * Islamic people saw the Mongols as the greatest catastrophe to hit the Islamic world
 * Defeated in 1260 by the armies of Mamluk dynasty of Egypt

__**Berke**__-The cousin of Hulegu




 * Became the new leader of the Golden Horde to the north
 * Converted to Islam
 * Established his own kingdom which stretched from Byzantium to the Amu Darya (Oxus) River in central Asia ||
 * I || -Conflicts with the Xi Xia and Jin Empires in China

-Conflicts with the Russian areas such as Kiev, Moscow, and Novogrod

-Conflicts with the Islamic world

-Developed the Golden Horde to conquer other regions

||
 * R || No defined religion

Chinggis Khan followed **//shamanistic//,** beliefs of his ancestors

All religions were tolerated in the empire
 * Those who surrendered and paid tribute to the Mongols, were allowed to practice their own religion ||
 * I || -Mongol cavalry moved rapidly and easily able to conquer enemies with their strategic moves

-Mongols were tolerant rulers as they allowed people to practice their own religions

-Mongols were open to new ideas and committed to buuilding a new world where the diverse empire

-Once conquered people were subdued, Chinggis himself took interest in learning their arts and their ideals

-Establish a new capital at **Karakorum**
 * Chinggis summoned the scholars to the city from around the different parts of the empire
 * consulted Confucian scholars on how to rule China
 * Muslim engineers about how to build siege weapons and improve trade with lands farther west
 * Daoist holymen, who he hoped could give him an elixer that would make him immortal
 * administrative framework that drew on the advice and talents of both Muslim and Chinese bureaucrats

Established a Mongolian language

Began record keeping and established standard law

||
 * T || * flaming/ exploding arrows


 * gunpowder


 * projectiles (rockets)


 * bronze cannon




 * made boots from tanned sheep hides


 * tents made of wool sheared from animals


 * battering rams




 * catapults that hurled rocks and explosive balls


 * bamboo rockets

||

2)Yuan Dynasty Notes



 * **The Mongol Interlude in Chinese History**
 * MI: Mongol dominance in the Yuan era meant they would exercise a restaint on the Chinese people to keep Mongol culture as the dominant power in China, with the Chinese simply tagging along in the shadows.
 * Advancements into China were resumed when Ogedei was elected khan
 * Kubilai Khan was one of the grandsons of Chinggis Khan ad he directed the Mongol campain in China
 * Kubilai became khan in 1260
 * Kubilai changed the name of the Mongol regime to a Chinese language dynastic title, the Yuan
 * Kubilai established laws to show the difference between Mongol and Chinese rule
 * Prevented Chinese from learning Mongol scripts
 * Mongols couldn't marry Chinese people
 * Chinese people were isolated and segregated from the Mongol people such as in the government, military, and religious wise
 * Established capital in Tatu
 * Introduced Chinese music and ceremonies to the Mongol court
 * Appointed Chinese advisors of Buddhist, Confucian, and Daoist beliefs
 * Reestablished civil service exams
 * Moved the empire onto the Chinese calender
 * Established a social structure with Mongols on the tops followed by their Chinese and Muslim allies
 * Chinese people only ran the bureacracy at regional and local levels


 * **Gender Roles and the Convergence of Mongol and Chinese culture**
 * MI: While the Chinese women has been restricted from things such as foot binding, Mongol women refused to allow themselves to be controlled and dominated by men.
 * Mongol women didn't adopt Chinese culture, especially Confucian guise
 * Mongol women didn't adopt foot-binding, not limiting Mongol women mobility like Chinese women
 * Mongol women retained their rights to property and control within the household as well as the freedom
 * Mongol women being able to participate in the hunt with their husbands
 * Kubilai's cousin a female refused to marry a suitor unless he could throw her in a wrestling match
 * **Chabai** Kubilai's wife promoted Buddhist interest in the highest circles of the government
 * Chabai influeced Kubilai's opinions and actions the remaining Chinese people
 * **Mongol Tolerance and Foreign Cultural Influence:**
 * MI: Kubil's curiosity had an effect of making intellectual advancements and religious tolerance in Yuan court
 * Their attitudes attracted scholars, artisans, and office-seekers
 * Muslims were below Mongols as part of the second highest group
 * Persians and Turks were admitted to the inner circle of Kubilai's administrators and advisors
 * Muslim's supervised the building of the imperial city and proposed new systems for more efficiant tax collection
 * Persian astronomers imported advanced intruments for celestial observations, and corrected the Chinese calander and made more effective maps
 * Muslim doctors ran the imperial hospital
 * Tolerance of all religions in the Mongol kingdom
 * **Social Policies and Scholar Gentry Resistance:**
 * MI: Mongol's trying to reestablish new policies led to an increase in power and benefits in other social classes, however it made the scholar gentry weaker
 * Scholar gentry class saw the Mongols are barbarians
 * Reestablishing of civil service exams led to Confucian scholars not being able to dominate politics
 * Mongols praised the artisans and merchant classes, which had never held a high status angering the scholars
 * Mongol paper money and improvements in transportation allowed commerce to prosper. Promoting the status of merchant class
 * Mongols developed a substantial navy
 * Poetry, and essay writing languished under Mongol rule
 * Musical dramas such as "The Romance of the West and Chamber" were highly well written during the Yuan era
 * Celeberties established due to plays
 * Promoted new benefits to the peasant class such as reducing their taxes
 * **The Fall of the House of Yuan:**
 * MI:After nine decades, Kubilai Khan's reign showed signs of weakening.
 * Song loyalties raised revolts against the Yuan and raised a level of hostility to the foreign Mongols
 * The military defeats of Kubilai led to a decline in the military strength in China
 * After Chabi's death Kubilai became a softer
 * Muslim and Chinese people who had been given positions of power began to abuse it
 * Banditry and piracy had become widespread and government forces became weak
 * Founding of secret societies to overthrow the government such as the White Lotus Society
 * The Mongols lost control and the Ming dynasty was founded by Ju Yuanzhang
 * **Afterschock: The Brief Ride of Timur:**
 * Following the receding of Mongol dominance from China, comes another group of nomads from central Asia that, once again restores hysteria in China.
 * Timur-i Lang
 * had complex personality
 * highly cultured person with interest in fine arts, lush gardens, and splended architecture and have insightful discussions with philosophers
 * ruthless conquerer indifferent to human suffering and capable of commanding troops to commit atrocities
 * 1360's --> his armies moved out from his base at Samarkand to conquests in Persia, Fertile Cresent, India, and Southern Russia.
 * did not measure up to Mingols in size, but overwhelmed them in ferocity of campaigns
 * barbaric destruction:
 * pyramids of skulls
 * tens of thousands of peoople were slaughtered after they took the city of Aleppo from Asia Minor
 * rule did NOT increase trade and cross-cultural exchanges nor internal peace
 * reign was brief but violent
 * 1405---> after Timur's death, empire was pulled apart by warring commanders and old enemies
 * his death marked the end of great challenge of steppe nomads to civilizations of Eurasia
 * his death marked the end of great challenge of steppe nomads to civilizations of Eurasia