From+Hunter-Gathers+to+Civilization

1) Define civilization- The ability for people to become civilized, through means of settling down in an area and no longer using meathods of hunting and gathering, and switching to meathods of agriculture.

2) ESPIRIT Chart on early Civilization **associated with the dawn of civilization**

-Expanded the limited trade of nomadic hunter-gatherers -Pastoralism and agriculture replaced subsistence foraging and hunting || - eventually Farming was resisted because it was difficult and tedious, but many people converted to farming societies because it provided a stable food supply. Could belong to economics because it’s talking about the economy through a stable food supply caused by a surplus of food. -Surplus grains provided the impetus for the development of specialized occupations, e.g. artisans, administrators, metallurgist, etc. - Women take a lesser role in social life. -The schism between classes increase - Sumerians living in **city states**, with a king as the ruler led to citizens being more separated from the ruling party. || - Sumerians ruled in **city states**, with a king as the supreme leader. The government helped regulate religion and enforce duties, and provided a court system in the interests of justice. - **Hammurabi’s law** established rules of procedures for courts of law, and limited property rights and limited the duties of family setting harsh punishments for crimes. -A land was controlled by three parties, the king, the upper class, and the priest. -Pharaohs exercised immense power || The Sumerian culture soon fell in **conquest** of the Babylonians who made their own empire. The Mesopotamians who seemed to influence Egypt had many trading roots with Indus river civilization. Civilization in the yellow river were mostly isolated though they did make trading contact with India and other middle eastern civilization. || -Deities devoted to agriculture -Sumerian Ziggurats || - Farming development in the middle east because of the new tools. -By 9000 B.C.E animals started to be domesticated in the middle east -The first potter’s wheel came to existence around 6000 B.C.E   - Metal work was extremely useful to agriculture and herding societies. ||
 * E ||  -Provided the base for a more complex bartering/goods system
 * S ||  - Development of agriculture led to permanent settlements which increased world population. - is this social? Population is more of a demographic, but new settlements would be considered a social factor. **//BOOM.//**
 * P ||  - Men assumed all political leadership
 * I ||  Since people lived highly dense population they ended up getting sick, and diseases started to spread. The hunter gatherers were the most affected.
 * R ||  The people from the village Catal Huyuk had strong religious beliefs. Their houses reflected those beliefs through the images of the powerful male hunters and “mother Goddesses”
 * I ||  The first potters wheel in 6000 BCE and metal tools, primarily bronze and copper, soon followed in 4000 BCE.  ||
 * T ||  - Our abilities to make and manipulate tools depends directly on what stone age ancestors learned about physical matter.

3) ESPIRIT on Mesopotamian Society (Babylonia for me) **ESPESPIRIT Chart**    You    CiviliCivilization/Nation/Group: Babylonia    Time Period: 2

-Capital city was Babylon || - Women had equal rights with men before the law and even slaves had legal rights || -Ruled by a king, who was seen as an agent of Marduk. - There were a variety of legal transactions, which were carefully recorded on clay tablets. These documents are concerned with marriage, adoption, inheritance, sale, exchange, hire, lease, loans and receipts, as well as with court proceedings. || -About 1270 BC, the Assyrians overpowered Babylonia. Babylonia’s freedom was achieved around 626 BC. -Adopted many traditions and ways from the Sumerians. Babylonia even adopted one of the Sumerian languages. || -The king of Babylon was seen as an agent of Marduk. - Each city had a main temple. - The chief gods were Anu, god of heaven; Enlil, god of the air; and Enki, god of the sea. Others were Shamash, the sun god; Sin, the moon-god; Ishtar, goddess of love and war; and Adad, the storm-god. - The god Marduk was promoted at the city of Babylon, so that he became the chief god of the Babylonian religion, starting around 1100 BC. -Babylonian religion was temple-centered, with elaborate festivals and many different types of priests, especially the exorcist and the diviner, who mainly were trained to drive away evil spirits. - The Babylonians believed that the souls of the dead traveled to the nether world, and that, at least to some extent, life continued there as on earth. For this reason, pots, tools, weapons, and jewels were buried with the dead. -Babylonian religion was temple-centered, with elaborate festivals and many different types of priests, especially the exorcist and the diviner, who mainly were trained to drive away evil spirits. || -The hanging gardens of Babylon and Tower of Babel. - The paucity of stone in Babylonia made every pebble precious, and led to a high perfection in the art of gem-cutting.  -There were libraries in most towns and temples.  -The Babylonian system of mathematics was a base 60 numeral system Among the Babylonians' mathematical accomplishments were the determination of the square root of two correctly to seven places. They also demonstrated knowledge of the Pythagorean theorem.  - ||
 * E ||  -Agriculture formed the economic base of Babylonian civilization with production of barley, wheat, fruits, vegetables, with cattle and sheep predominating.
 * S ||  -Below the house was often located a mausoleum in which the family dead were buried.
 * P ||  -Hammurabi’s law an early code of law, regulated procedures for courts of law, property rights, and duties of family member. It set harsh punishments for crimes.
 * I ||  -The Babylonians, under King Nebuchadnezzar II, destroyed Jerusalem, the capital of the Kingdom of Judah.
 * R ||  -Most of Babylonia’s religious beliefs were brought over from Sumerian culture.
 * I ||  -Astronomers recorded their observations about the daily, monthly and yearly position of the stars and planets. They advised the king about how their observations affected the calendar, and of any omens they saw.
 * T ||  -In Babylonia, the use of brick led to the early development of the pilaster and column, and of frescoes and enameled tiles.  ||

4)APARTS on Hammurabi's Law Kevin Schlegel, Period 2    __**Primary Source Analysis**__    __Document: Hammurabi’s Law__

What do we know about where this was created? What have we learned about this topic? Society that may be relevant? || We know that Mesopotamia consisted of multiple groups of people including the Babylonians, Sumerians, and Assyrians. These groups fought over to control parts of Mesopotamia. Hammurabi’s Law was the first type of code of its time, to help govern everyday life. The Babylonian’s are extremely important to this topic, as the code was made and put into effect by them. || Who is the intended audience? How might they receive this? – quotes to support your claims? || This document is to be intended to be read by the people of the land/ the people of Babylonia. They might receive this by reading it somewhere in one of the ancient cities they lived in. It may have been somewhere were many people gathered, so everyone could read and see it. “Was discovered on a stone e slab in Iraq” “The code provides vital insight into the nature of social relations and family structure in this ancient civilization.” || What is the purpose of this document? Read between the lines, support claims with a quote ||  This document was created to help improve the quality of the civilization. It helped show standards for punishments and allow all to know the punishments for breaking crimes. || Support with quotes  ||  The main idea of this texts is to show us the laws that will be put into effect in the area, as well as show us the proper punishments for each of the crimes we’d commit. “The code provides vital insight into the nature of social relations and family structure in this ancient civilization.” || How does this relate to the big picture? What can it tell us as historians? Relate to ESPIRIT if possible ||  It’s significant because it is one of the first types of law used in ancient society. Is helps show historians that people really did have laws back in the ancient times, and everyone was not just a ragging savage. ||
 * Author – Who created this? What do we know about the author? What might influence their opinions? ||  The author of Hammurabi’s law was king Hammurabi of Babylon. He was ruler of Babylon from 1800 to 1750 B.C.E. His code may be influenced by his desire to help unite the people of Mesopotamia and bring unity and equality to the people.  ||
 * **Place** – Where and when was it created - ||  Hammurabi’s Law was created in Babylon, sometime during Hammurabi’s reign as ruler of Mesopotamia.  ||
 * **Prior Knowledge**
 * **Audience**
 * **Reason for Creation**
 * **The Main Idea**
 * **Significance**

Questions?

5) Vocab from Hunting and Gathering to Civilization (Chp 1) Kevin Schlegel Period 2    **From Hunting and Gathering to Civilizations**


 * Neolithic Revolution ||  A great time gap, where people began to adopt and change to a life style based on agricultural methods, and begins to abandon the old style of hunting and gathering.  ||
 * Bronze Age ||  A time period where many civilizations, began to replace stone tools, with new tools made of bronze. This metal working helped contribute to the Neolithic Revolution.  ||
 * Catal Huyuk ||  A Neolithic Village located in Southern Turkey.  ||
 * Civilization ||  A more advanced society which has enough of a surplus of food, in order to look at other things such as politics, economics, and the flourishing arts.  ||
 * Ziggurats ||  A type of grand temple built to honor and please gods, in Sumer. These temples were operated by priest, who held many rituals within them.  ||
 * City States ||  A city that acted on its own as a political power in a region, and was ruled by a king.  ||
 * Sumerians ||  A group of people who lives in ancient Mesopotamia. They’re responsible for developing types of cuneiform writing, language, and other great things.  ||
 * Hammurabi ||  King of Babylon, who introduced “Hammurabi’s Law”, which helped lay out laws and regulations for the government.  ||
 * Huanghe ||  Otherwise known as the Yellow River, is a river in China. It helped contribute to the rise of civilization in parts of China, along its banks.  ||
 * Indus River ||  A river which helped contribute to life of people in cities such as Harappa, Mohenjo, and Daro. Civilizations on this river traded with the people of Mesopotamia, but developed their own ways of writing and language.  ||

6) Chapter 1 Summary Kevin Schlegel Period 2 9/15/10  Summary Chapter 1 from Prehistory to Early Civilization  Since the dawn of time human kind, has lived on a way of life based on hunting and gathering. Around different periods of time many groups of people began to turn to agricultural ways in order to survive. This transition of hunting and gathering was called the Neolithic revolution. Although called a revolution, this event happened at different times, in different parts of the world. For example one of the earliest places to go through the Neolithic Revolution, was the area known as Mesopotamia. Although Mesopotamia perhaps went through this revolution, parts of the Americas at the same time were not. Some of the earliest civilizations to transits from hunting and gathering to agricultural ways were the people of Mesopotamia. These groups of people included the Sumerians, Babylonians, and Assyrians. These people were some of the first civilizations, as well as being responsible for several human advances of their time. The Sumerians for example adopted a language, which spread through Mesopotamia, as well as a cuneiform of writing. The Babylonian King, Hammurabi, helped develop one of the earliest known codes of law in existence. Other civilizations that developed existed in parts of Africa, like Egypt. The ancient Egyptians, created structures like the pyramids, and helped contribute to setting a day up in twenty four hours. Civilization ended up flourishing in most river valley areas first. These areas had very fertile soil, and made it possible for there to be a surplus of food, which is necessary for civilization to develop. As time progressed more people found ways of gaining the necessary requirements for civilization, and developed themselves.