The+West

1)Scribble Map + Explanation
media type="custom" key="8999304" I choose this area as the west, because when we discuss the west, I usually think of these areas. From the early modern period, we've always called western Europe the west so that's why I choose to put most of westrn Europe as part of my map. I choose to include the United States however because as time goes on it becomes a thriving power in the world. Other nations copy it's example, even parts of Europe, and it is technically in the west. So I felt it always should be included because when we talk about western models they usually refere to either America or a type of Western Europeaon model.

**2)2. Read p. 673- 678 - and 690 - 695 Outline notes**
//__**Bouncing Back**__//
 * There were many hard postwar challenges that nations faced such as poverty, and high death tolls
 * By the middle of the decade however the world began to bounce back from war
 * Nations such as Germany still however had many war time burdens


 * Artistic movements such as the **cubist movement** were led by Pablo Picasso, and they turned familiar geometrical shapes into art
 * Writers and composers also challenged the western type of tradition
 * Science became more developed, with Einstein adding theories of relativity in physics, and new knowledge of genetics and atomic structure were exposed


 * New masconsumption items emerged such as the radio
 * Middle class women began to go to nightclubs, smoke, and participte in crazed dancing. They also gained the right to vote in some nations
 * Economies were still slugish however and new communist parties began to emerge


 * //__Other Industrial Centers__//**
 * Canada, Austrailia, and New Zealand all gained rewards for their participation in the war
 * Immigration and extensive welfare measures to strong labor movements led to good economic planning
 * U.S economic policy develops, and especially the assembly line(introduced by **Henry Ford** in 1913) became a standarized model adopted even in Europe


 * Jazz emerges in the Southern U.S, and later migrates its way even to Europe and Hollywood California becomes he film capital of the world in 1920
 * U.S rejects treaty of verailles, and doesn't enter the league of nations. U.S initiates an isolationist policey
 * Fear of communism was also present in the U.S, know as the red scare, which heigtened resistance to outside influence


 * Japan enters a new age of industrilization in the 1920s
 * Agriculture output improved, so more laborers were used to build and develop factories
 * Japan became more known for shipbuild, metallurgy, and electrical power


 * Japan still was deeply in need of cheap exports to the war and importing goods such as raw materials, and fuels
 * the population of Japan was now around the highest point ever reaching to almost 70million
 * Tensions between the civil government and milital governments emergedd, and military became more hostile as it tried to protect Japanese traditionalist beliefs


 * //__New Authorarianism: The Rise of Facism__//**
 * New hostility emerged to democratic political systems emerged first in western Europe
 * In 1914 **Benito Mussolini** formed a single union to replace the old italian government
 * Gained control by violently attacking rival opponents until their was no one to challenge him


 * **Fascim** was taking roots in the 19 century, especially where their was political and social conflict
 * Targeted leadership and devotion over capitalism and proft seeking and social class struggle
 * Emerged first in the 1920 in European states where politics were unpleasable due to postwar agreements


 * //__The New Nations of East Central Europe__//**
 * Authoritarian reigmes emerged in eastern Europe around the 1920s, although not purpley fascist like in Italy
 * Most emerged as a result of independence and nationalist excitement and bitter rivalries between areas
 * Arrived in ways such as a monarch taking power like in Yugoslavia, or a dictator in Poland


 * This resulted in more political tensions within the small states, with oppression occurring at all low level classes
 * Primarily agricultural and heavily dependent on sales to western Europe, and were hurt by the depression in 1920s
 * Hunger, poverty, and illiteracy were growing problems amoung the peasant class that weren't addressed


 * //__A Balance Sheet__//**
 * Changes in societies during the 1920 were complex, and they changed many aspects of government and society
 * Signs of industrial, social, and scientific change were present everywhere
 * It was shown however that new nations were beginning to challenge Europe by the 1920s, with the U.S and Japan surpassing them'


 * //__Causation__//**
 * Several problems began to emerge in the 1920s, as a result of postwar recovery efforts
 * Farmers had oversurplused goods, and they weren't selling them due war demand going down
 * Food trade between Europe, Africa, and the Americas, only influxed the value of food even more makign the situation worse


 * While some governments like France and Germany recovered by 1925, a fear on inflation was seen everywhere
 * Limited the capacity of the government to solve problems, and business's were becoming strictened with debt from loans to banks
 * Coonies and noncolonies were becoming even worse during postwar conflict


 * May nations began to fall into depression, and they became unable to obtain goods from other nations
 * Industrial catastrophere hit in 1920s, when economies became extremely feeble and weak
 * By the later 1920s production of goods such as coal, iron, and texiles was declining and even beginning to collapse


 * //__The Debate__//**
 * The formal advent of the Great Depression occured in October of 1929 when the New York stock market crashed
 * Banks that depended heavily on stocks began to die and as a result it dragged their depositers with them
 * The crash had occurred in Europe but was more dependent on U.S loans


 * Investments ligering caused a decline of industrial business all around the world
 * Production levels began to decrease, and along with it employment and wages
 * The depression grew worse from 1929 to 1933


 * Was more than just an economic crisis, the Depression affected all major aspects of life for people
 * Suicide rates and rate of begging were extremely high for the time period as people were just losing hope
 * With no jobs people made no money and couldn't survive


 * Graduating students couldn't get good jobs, and they got stuck with unaccepting jobs
 * Women and children often had to work as a result of the male not either getting a job or not making enough money
 * It gave women some new oppurtunnities however


 * Some light was beggining to shine with the introduction of movies in 1938
 * Comics such as superman emerged which gave hope to people
 * Over all the depression wasn't a restricted event, it affected nearly every nationj in the world and was an international crisis


 * //__Response to The Depression__//**
 * Tariffs were raised to keep goods out of other countries
 * Governments tried to cut sdpending as they feared inflation would occurr
 * Confidence in the normal politicaal process deteriorated


 * Soon battles against the communist and preexisting parties began in some nations
 * Depression led to either a parlimentry that couldn't sufficently run or other parties took over


 * There was some constructive response iccurring
 * Government spending in some nations provided for new insurance policies and reforms
 * New industries such as the T.V were on the verge of being developed


 * //__The New Deal__//**
 * In America after the failure of president Hoover, a new administration took place under Roosevelt
 * Introduced the new polcies of the new deal, which target restoring the American people most at risk for the depression
 * Did not fully cure the depression but made it better


 * New deal gave unemployment benefits to people who lakced jobs
 * Public work projhects were started to try to get people working again, so that they could make money
 * New polcies of social security and retirement funds were introduced to help those of old age

//**__The Rise of Nazism__**//
 * Facism was quickly developing in Germany like it had in Italy, with the Nazi party forming
 * The Nazi party lead by Adolf Hitler, made their way into controlling Germany in 1932/1933
 * Hitler promised the German people thta he'd be able to fix all the problems in Germany by wiping away corruption, weak leaders, and makign the Germans strong


 * Hitler ruled Germany with a **totalitarian government**, as he controlled all the aspects of the citizens lives
 * To make sure he wouldn't go unchallenged he formed the **Gestapo**, to hunt down advesaries and have them arrested
 * The people thought he was taking measures to restore Germany to it's old graceful period of power, but he was doing much more and deadlyer


 * Hitler while ruling the government choose to blame all the problems of Germany on the Jews, and he spread a feeling of anti-semitism throughout Germany
 * He sought to eliminate the problem by confining Jews to concentration camps and eventually in 1940 ordering their extinction by genocide called the Holocaust
 * Hitler formed the new Germany to be a war type government, as he knew war would come as he slowly extended Germany territories and did small questionable attempts at land that would be ignored by western powers until it was to late


 * //__The Spread of Fascism and The Spanish Civil War__//**
 * The Nazi trumph in Germany, led Musolini to experiment more with his govenrment in Italy
 * Soon Italy attacked Ethiopia and eventually colonized it and make it their own territory
 * The League of Nations, and Western powers simply ignored this action


 * **The Spanish Civil Wa**r was occuring in Spain over the parlimentry government, and a republican government to be established
 * Communist and large anarchist movementa played crucial roles in the war, and no outside powers interfeared
 * Eventually the republican party gained ground as a fascist government in 1939


 * //__Economic and Political Changes in Latin America__//**
 * In Latin America the ideology of liberalism was the thriving force i nthe nation
 * Industrilization didn't disolve any boundaries that existed, and Latin intellectual life was going no where
 * New parties began to form in the area while still ideology was a thriving force still present

3)Notes 709- 721
__//Mi: As Japan, Italy and Germany began to militarize with new leaders and build new colonies in concurred areas, it seemed as if war would soon be upon the world with their militarzation.//__
 * //__Old and New Causes of A Second World War__//**
 * Japan continued to further expand its militarization plans
 * Suceeded due to rising diplomats in the area
 * Japan sought to capture and hold Korea and Machuria as colonies and holds on to them as their own


 * In Europe The Nazi part in Germany was taking control of the government due to their promises to end the pains caused by wolrd war one
 * Soon Hitler was in full power and began capturing other parts of Europe such as Austria, parts of Czechozalvakia, and the Rhineland
 * Hitler's successes encouraged Musololini and the Italines to began campaigns in Ethiopia


 * The Spanish civil war was taken advantage of by both Hitler and Musolini who used the Spanish republicans and people as tests subjects for their war capababilities
 * Germany and Italy helped Franco of Spain take over the Spanish government as a result of their tets
 * Despite what Germany and Ital did no democratic powers stepped in to due anything

__//Mi:With militarziation on a good mark, Germany began it's invasion of Poland to begin world war two, and continue on it's exspansion. Japan also involved in the war, began a bit earlier, with its conquest of parts of China in east asia and later continuing to other Asian states in the pacific//__
 * __//Unchecked Aggression and the Coming of War in Europe and the Pacific//__**
 * World War 2 officially began on September 1st 1939 when Germany invaded Poland
 * Conflicts between Japan and China however began as early as 1937 when Japan invaded China
 * Axis powers were Japan, Germany, and Italy


 * The war was provoked by the agressions of the fascist leaders and governments now in control of Germany and Italy
 * Some states originally believed that Germany's capture of smaller states would be enough for them
 * Others like **Winston Church Hill** saw that threat of another world war approaching


 * Japanese troops advanceded into China and in 1937 they captured the city of Nanjing in China
 * Took advantage of the captured Chinese, murdering, raping, and dehumaining them
 * Eventually the Chinese retreated, and soon Japan was at war with most of East Asia and the islands of the pacific


 * Tripartite Pact that joined the Axis powers was signed at the end of September 1940
 * Hitler put conquest of the Soviets on holds by signing a nonagressions act with Stalin in 1939
 * Soon war erupted in Europe from invasion of Poland, and France and British troops began to defend their areas but couldn't see the terror that soon would come to Europe

__**//Nazi litzkrieg, Stalemate, and the Long retreat//**__ //__MI:As Hitler began his assault on Europe, he quickly expanded as a res ult of his military success, however his ambitions would later cause him to lose against Russia and began his defeat.__//
 * The Nazi army stuck Europe hard with their **blitzkrieg** manner of warfare which involved heavy bombing, tank support, and perssonnel support
 * Battle technique was enough to capture Poland, France, and other western states by 1940
 * The capture of it's allies forced the British troops to retreat back to their island, where they barely able to feel safe from assult by the Nazi force


 * The demorilizaed people quickly lost to the Nazi's as their forces collapsed
 * In France Nazi control was centered in the city of **Vichy**, where the ruled
 * Other nations were similar to France, weak and demorilized from the Nazi assult on the land


 * Soon Nazi troops began to bomb Britain, and they even began to set up plans for a land assult
 * **The Battle of Britain** proved that the British were still capable of fending of the Nazi forces
 * Unable to defeat the Britsh, Hitler returned to conquest of the rest of Europe


 * By 1941 Germany controlled most of Europe and the mediteranian sea
 * Germany also helped Italy establish it's control in Africa, with them taking multiple countries and prizes such as the Suez Canal
 * Nazi agression now eared towards obtaining the neccesary resources needed to fight the war


 * With the capture of most of Europe, Hitler began his expansion eastward towards Russia capturing the smaller states such as Ukraine in 1941
 * Hitler began his plans to drive into Russia, but the winter caught them off guard and Stalin was able to hold his ground
 * Hitlers failed assult on Russia led to his armies being defeated by the red army, as they quickly recaptured territories from him

//__Mi:As the war dragged on, Nazi officials at the Wannese Confronce concluded that the genocide of European Jews was the best solution to rid them from Europe__//
 * //__From Persecution to Genocide:Hitler's War Against the Jews__//**
 * Through out the war, Hitler and the Nazi's arrested multiple people such as communist, homosexuals, gypsies, and Jews to be confined to concentration camps
 * At the Wannsee conference in 1942, the final solution was proposed to the heads of the Nazi government
 * The plan was approved, and the "final solution" of genocide of the European Jews was approved, and the **Holocaust** had begun


 * Hitler took the time to diverge from reasources so he could establish ways of transporting these people to concentration camps
 * The concentration camps were converted into death camps
 * Prisoners upon entering were either sentenced to instant gas via gas chambers, or forced labor.


 * The Holocaust inspired sympathy towards the Zionist (Jewish) people
 * Pushing towards a Jewish state in Palestine grew
 * A Jewish state would ensure a Halocaust would never happen again

//__MI:With the allies fighting against the German troops, after their attempts to liberate Europe from German control, it soon got to the point where Germany was cornered and the war in Europe was ending.__//
 * //__Anglo-Amearican Offensives, Encirclement, and the End of the 12-Year Reich__//**
 * The allies focused on defeating the allies and their areas with Russia confronting Germany and the east, and the Americans and British beginning to tackle the west
 * American support came before Pearl harbour as they send reasources to the British
 * Soon America entered the war, and the outlook began to change after the defeat of Mussolini in 1945


 * Allies began to storm the German territories, and free captured nations such as Italy
 * The invasion of Normandy began the attempts to liberate France
 * The Battle of Bulge was Hitler's last attempt to stop allied movement, which failed and soon the allies had captured Berlin, and the war in Europe was over

__//MI:The Japanese continued their warfare in the Pacific and East Asia area and after the defeat of the Nazi Party in Europe. They proved a strong adversary for the allies, however with the droppings of the atomic bomb in August of 1945, the end of the world war came at last//__
 * //__The Rise and Fall of the Japanese Empire in the Pacific War__//**
 * The attack on **Pearl harbor** on December 7th 1941, crippled the U.S Pacific fleet and allowed for the Japanese to begin a campaign in the Pacific
 * The Japanese held territories in China, and the Pacific Islands, feeding on the reasources that they needed for war (oil,etc)
 * The resistance fighters for the time being were Austrailia and New Zealand


 * The Japanese were dependent on the war in Europe to distract colonial powers in Europe
 * After the European defeat, the battle turned to the Pacific, where Japan laid
 * After the rebuilding of a Pacific fleet, major battles occurred in the Pacific such as the **Battle of the Coral sea** and obtaining precious land such as **Midway Island**


 * Once in range of the Japanese U.S bombers attacked the Japanese mainland with constant bombings
 * Soon to end the war quickly on August 6th and August 9th the U.S dropped the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki to end the war
 * By summer of 1945 Japan surrender, and with that the end of the bloodist war in human history

//__MI:With the end World War two, the United Nations formed to begin international diplomacy among the many nations of the world, to solve conflicts peacefully__//
 * //__Wars end and the Emergence of the Superpower Standoff__//**
 * To prevent another war from happening and not making the same mistakes as in world war one, the Allies met to form the **United Nations**
 * The goal of the UN was to international problems, and resolve conflicts to prevent future wars
 * The Allies, Axis, and all countries were eventually admitted into the UN to begin international diplomacy

//__MI:Conflict between the two emerging superpowers were caused by disagreements and beginnings of things that weren't agreed upon and soon it began to seem as if a new war was on the horizon__//**//__.__//**
 * //__From Hot War To Cold War__//**
 * Tensions between the two superpowers began to emerge at the **Tehran Confrance**
 * The next meeting at the **Yalta Conference** further brought on tensions between the two powers over descissions concering Japan
 * the final confrance in **Postdam** further caused more conflict with governments being put in placed by stalin


 * Divisions between U.s and Soviet became more clear with nations such as Koreas division and other areas
 * Boundaries between the Soviet and other parts of Europe began to further increase seperation democratic from communist
 * Soon it seemed as if a new war would emerge between the two superpowers of the U.S and Soviet russia

**4)Read chapter 31p.732 - 750 Answer Questions**

 * //__What were the major effects of decolonization post WWII on Europe?__//**
 * As a result of the decolonization of Europeaon states, they lost significant power in the world, however mosty changes weren't drastic. Although colonies held by France for example, were free of French control, they still gained economic gain in that area. European powers still laid in some colonies such as those in Africa and were able to still gain an economic boost from them despite them being an independant state. Powers still also had some cultural negotiations with these people and shared similarities through years of being with one another. Europeans even defended there formed colonial territories from other such as the French in parts of Africa.

The coldware seperated the communist states of the east with the diplomatic states in the west. It grouped together the communist states such as the Soviet Union, and the territories it turned communist by the end of world war two. On the other side was the western diplomatic powers of France, Britain, and the United States. These divisions were used to seperate these two groups of individual socities from interacting, as they were clearly different. The boundaries were also an attempt to stop agression and violent acts toward the others, as Europe had just come out of war, and another war wasn't something that was needed t ooccur in the area again.
 * //__How did the Cold War divide Europe? What were the implications of this division?__//**


 * //__Why did European governments move towards Liberal Democracies?__//**
 * European governments moved toward liveral democracies so that they couldn't prevent the fierce facist governments which caused world war two to not form again. This included revising the governments in Ital and Germany, as well as other natiomns such a Spain and Portugal who'd been under autocratic rule for some time. It was also used to now politically uniform Europe for the most time than ever before in history.

__//**What was the welfare state? Why did they develop? what were the issues?**//__
 * The welfare state, was a program that provided aid to the people affected by the war, and those in need. They developed medical assitance plans toward the poor and elderly. They also added programs to assist those who were unemployed. A health care systemn emerged as a result. State run medical facilities soon opened to assist families. New family housing building were developed to help thoose who were in need ofhousing. Despite the benefits a welfare state brought, it was exspensive to run normally with taxes eceeding amount.


 * //__Trace growing diplomatic relationships within Europe__//**
 * Governments turned to U.S guidance so that they could develop stronger European governments. Western European countries joined together to form the European Union, so that they could discuss the spread of economics across international borders with things such as tariffs and development. Free movments of labor also began to spread and was encouraged. A new court sysem was put in to lace and developed in some areas with also new agricultural agencies being formed as well.


 * //__Outline economic development in Europe__//**
 * Due to postwar debts, the state of Europe had to change. Soon agricultural began to thrive again as peasants farmers were assisted with seeds to use by the government and they produced high amounts. Food could even be exported as result of the rapid expansion. Factories began to produce automobiles to sell and Europe remained a heavy weapons developer. Inudstries such as texiles began to flourish again as well. Labor shortages caused by the immigration of people during the war left jobs open for many to take.

Canada began to to become an econmic equal to some extent with the U.S, however in Canda problems of independance were emerging in some provinces. In Quebec, the people had a high French cultural background and throughout the 1970s they tried to win their independance form the Canadian state as an independant French nation, but failed in 1980s. Nations such as Austrialia began to back the U.S in it's attempts to counter communist aggression in the Pacific, by stating they had the back of the U.s and even signing treaties. New Zealand began heay exporting of goods to other countries like Japan, and a new high emmigration rate was occuring in the state as well. Explain the growing role of the United States in world affairs
 * //__Outline the post war development of the non-European West (Excluding the United States)__//**


 * //__Trace developments for women in the post war West__//**
 * During World War two, many women were given clergical jobs to obtain. After the war ended, the rate of married women working was on the rise. Education gains allowed women to become more qualified for certain jobs, although being paid less than me, and they were able to support their families. Teenage age employment dropped as teenage girls were able to stay in school to further their education. In some nations women were now being given the right to vote and partake in the govenrment affairs. The family rights of women also began to increase, and divorce was beggining to becoem a prominent thing with women having more of a say. Unwanted preganancies were able to be stoppped due to the developments of birthcontrol in the 1960s preventing unwanted pregnancies in the family, giving them the abilitiy to have pleasure. Protests for some woman rights increased and allowed them access to new areas.