Classical+India

1) ESPERIT INDIA
 * || -Propserous due to trade and various industries

-main industries: textiles, steelhighly active traders, land and sea, served as entrepot for China and Mediterranean, trading dyes, jewelry, gold, and ivory, for pottery, wine, metals, and slaves.textiles included cotton cloth, calico, cashmereartisans had craft guilds

-arranged marriages enabled economic gain --> dowries, child laboragriculture based

-Himalayas region developed herding economies\-South, around Deccan plateau, developed active maritime economy || Brahmins and Kshatriyas (priests > warriors after the Vedic Age ) > Vaisyas (merchants and farmers) > Sudras (common laborers, serfs) > Untouchables If a brahman killed a servant, he would face no serious consequences/ low caste members had few legal rights and were often equated to animals. Peasants have little contact with higher class people.
 * S || - Caste system- included different classes of people: untouchables, brahman, merchants, etc.

-intercaste marriages forbidden; was capital crime

-People organized for child's marriage --> woman could not object, family decision women married young, usually to men they have never met

-Strong will for women, believed in Goddesses

-Low caste individuals had little rights and servants were often abused masters.

-Similar to China, with farmer peasantry, villages w/ local authority and cultures, patriarchy, and close family ties. ||
 * P || -no separation of church and state

-focus on regional powers, no real focus on central government

-maintainted by strong army, personal representatives in each region( allowed conquered ruler to rule, with advisor) autocratic rule/ assemblies

-Regionalism- rulers were not loyal/ qualified, ruled region before agricultural regions were developed along Indun and Ganges

-By 600 B.C.E., 16 major states formed

-War over power occurred frequently caste system reflected values of political systems --> ie. marriage depended on similar class.

-Mauryan Empire - 322 - 298 B.C.E.

-Under Chadragupta Maurya

-Buearaucratic, legalist monarch

-United most of subcontinent

-Under Grandson Ashoka (269- 232 B.C.E.) expanded Mauryan empire to south tip

-influenced by Vedic and Buddhist ideas

-Gupta Empire- 320 C.E. - 535 C.E. smaller than Mauryan, expanded authority through intermarriages politically stable and longest lasting ||
 * I || - The epics were knowns as Vedas. First Reg-Veda consisted of 1028 hymns dedicated to Aryan gods.

-Between 1000 and 600 B.C.E., poems Mahabharata, epic poem, and Ramayana, depicts mythic battle emerged. Upanishads, epic poems with religious flavor also emerged, in the period called the Epic Age.

-manual on law of love "Kamasutra" written in 4th century B.C.E.

- Indian literature took many themes from epic poems. Classical stories were often secular.

-produced work in science and mathematics; the university of Nalanda had many lecture halls, libraries, astronomical observatory, model diary, and a cirriculum of religion, philosophy, medicine, architecture, and agriculture.

-Indian scientists, borrowing from Greeks, made strides in astronomy and medicine.

-Aryabhatta calculated length of the solar year and improved mathematical measurements. Also calculated circumference of earth and believed in its round shape.

-calculated daily rotation of earth on its axis, predicted and explained eclipses, and developed theory of gravity, and identified 7 planets through telescopic observation.

-made advances in bone setting and plastic surgery, and stressed cleanliness/ sterilization

Indian numbering system

concept of zero/ decimal system, negative numbers, calculated square roots and table of sines, computed value of pi

Kalidasa was a great playwright

India saw development of religion, while China was more philosophical.

-heavy emphasis on learning and the sciences. China developed a religion more on philosophy, while India was more religious with Hinduism. tolerant of cultures and religion

one of first universtities were found under Gupta Aryans offered hyms and sacrifices/ rituals to the gods. Certain animals were considered sacred, with divine spirit.
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 * R || -Polytheistic- Aryans brought a religion of many gods and goddesses into India, Indra, being the god of thunder and strength. Gods presided over fire, sun, death, etc. Ideas were derived from Indo-European polytheistic faiths.
 * R || -Polytheistic- Aryans brought a religion of many gods and goddesses into India, Indra, being the god of thunder and strength. Gods presided over fire, sun, death, etc. Ideas were derived from Indo-European polytheistic faiths.
 * R || -Polytheistic- Aryans brought a religion of many gods and goddesses into India, Indra, being the god of thunder and strength. Gods presided over fire, sun, death, etc. Ideas were derived from Indo-European polytheistic faiths.
 * R || -Polytheistic- Aryans brought a religion of many gods and goddesses into India, Indra, being the god of thunder and strength. Gods presided over fire, sun, death, etc. Ideas were derived from Indo-European polytheistic faiths.

-Epic poems reflect idea of life after death.

-Nature was viewed as a divine force, and animals in nature, such as monkies and cattle were viewed as religious. -dharma/ Hinduism- law of moral consequences. Hinduism pursued a number of religious approaches, from strictly ritualistic and ceremonial, to mysticism that sought to unite individual himans with a divine principle. It also encouraged political and economic goals(artha) and worldly pleasures( karma). -in Hinduism, gods of nature were altered to represent more abstract concepts.

-Poems emphasized importance of devoted and generous behavior, esp. Upanishads, which advanced idea of a mystical contract and attacked conventional brahman view of what religion should be.

-Gurus often gathered disciples around them and brahman priests agreed on certain doctrines.

-Brahma, the basic holy essence formed part of everything in the world. Divine aspects of brahma take form in gods, such as Vishnu, the preserver, and Shiva, the destroyer.

-Hindus stressed the idea of reincarnation, where souls do not die, but pass into other beings, either human or animal.

-religion reinforced caste system, giving hope to lower-class that they can emerge rich in the next life. *

-Buddhism

-Kanishka is renowned in Buddhism tradition for having convened a great Buddhist council in Kashmir.

-Nirvana - a world beyond existance - people could regulate their lives without elaborate ceremonies. -Buddhism stressed self control, and that holy life could be achieved through individual effort. Teachings took place in monasteries, and prayer and contemplation at Buddhist holy places and works of charity and piety fueled the idea of holy life on earth -Met with opposition from Hinduism -spherical shrines called stupas were built to honor Buddha. Buddhisms greatest contributors are Ashoka and Harsha Vardhana and the Indo-Greek king Menander L. Kanishka. || 1600 - 1000 B.C.E.
 * I || revolved around trading with Middle East and Roman Empire

- Aryan invasions, brought polytheistic ideas 327 B.C.E.

- Greek Bacteria brought to Northwest India Indo-China trade developed in classical era

-Middle Eastern influence continued to have impact after classical era, altering Indian culture sent religious missionaries and welcomed religious diversity

Fall of Mauryan empire saw Kushan invasions ||
 * T || iron making, steel, and textiles

iron making was more advanced than any in the world

tools to benefit agriculture

developed written language of Sanskrit || 2)Main Idea Religion, Intellectual The religion of China and India varied in many ways however there are similarities that they share. In both India and China high emphasize was put in scientific process, and development of learning, however at the same time China moved to d... evelop the same goals. Both made astronomical advancements by both studying the stars and also achieved many new advancements in mathematics. Daoism and Hinduism shared the same beliefs of nature. China developed negative numbers and the Pythagorean theorems and India developed the use of zeros. In China religion was viewed more as philosophy rather than religious beliefs.

3) Vocabulary 4)Summary After the fall of Harapaa in India, new **Aryan** invaders brought new ideals to India. The Aryan people moved Indian agriculture to the Indus River valley area. The Aryans also developed a new language called **Sanskrit**, which was adopted by many of the classical people of India. The Aryans also developed a new outlook and ideas on social and family forms. The Aryans soon developed the **caste system** which would be used as a social outline for many of India's civilizations.
 * Aryans || A group of invaders that arrived in India at the of Harappa's fall.. The Aryans are brought agriculture to the Ganges River. The also helped develop Sanskrit, the Vedas, and the caste system. ||
 * Ashoka || Chandragupta's grandson who ruled the Mauryans 267-232 B.C.E. Ashoka extended the Mauryan's territory to the southern tip of India and was a bloody conqueror. He was extremely spiritualistic and south out ideas of Buddhism to live by. ||
 * Gupta || A new empire that arose after the demise of Kush. Gupta began in 320 C.E and ended rule in 535 C.E. The Gupta kings often kept political peace, by intermarrying with their families and negotiating with local princes. The Gupta empire achieved political stability this way. They met their demise to the Huns, in 535 C.E. ||
 * Caste system || This was the social organization of India established by the Aryans, promoted by Vedic beliefs and Hinduism. During the Vedic and Epic ages, the caste system was a tool in which to separate the Aryans from the indigenous people. The social classes/varnas were divided into several categories: (post Epic Age) Brahmans > kshatriyas/warriors > vaisyas/merchants and farmers > sudras/common workers > untouchables. ||
 * Hinduism || A religion of India, where beliefs and cultural practices based on India's caste system. It is characterized by a belief in reincarnation, by a belief in a supreme being of many forms and natures, by the view that opposing theories are aspects of one eternal truth, and by a desire for liberation from earthly evils. ||
 * Sanskrit || The first written Indian language developed by the Aryans. ||
 * Dharma || The law of moral consequences ||
 * Buddhism || A religion that offers the teachings of Buddha. It desires that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire, that suffering ceases when desire ceases, and that enlightenment obtained through right conduct and wisdom and meditation releases one from desire and suffering and rebirth ||
 * Tamils || The first Indian language with classical status and the people of NE Sri Lanka. ||
 * Chandragupta Maurya || The soldier who united India in 322 B.C.E. under his autocratic bureaucracy that resembled a legalistic state. ||
 * Gurus || A wise divine man who was seen as knowledble in ways of religion such as Hinduism. they achieved enlightenment. ||
 * Bhagavad Gita || Known as the "song of god," the text is part of the larger collection, the Mahabharata. The text is the embodiment of Hindu beliefs as it promotes yoga and dharma. ||

Soon the **Mauryan** dynasty of India came into place in the Ganges river area. It was founded by **Chandragupta Maurya**. They developed a bureaucracy and postal services. The Mauryan government was based on autocratic beliefs that a ruler needed to rely on their personal and military power. Maurya's grandson **Ashoka**, helped spread Buddhist beliefs throughout the empire, and even came up with the idea of **dharma**. After Ashoka however the Mauryas began to fall apart and soon they were replaced with a group of people who were invaders.

The **Kushans** made their way into central India. The Kushan king Kanishka converted to **Buddhism**, but this led to Buddhism becoming unpopular, as he tried relating it to foreign rule. The Kushan state fell apart in 22 C.E, began a period of political instability once again. A new line of kings however emerged and they called their new empire **Gupta.** Gupta came about in 320 c.E where they soon made a large empire in India. The Guptans brought India into its golden age, were everything was at its best. However the Gupta empire soon sucombed to an assault by the new invading warriors called the Huns. In 535 C.E Gupta collapsed.