A+New+Civilization+Emerges+in+Western+Europe

1) Wordology of 490-600 (The Early Dark Ages) ending at 1240-1350 (Europe's Darkest Days) Notes on the foloowing
During this time period, in both eastern and western Europe, the church became a center of idea spreading throughout Europe. As the European nations begin to become more fragmented, the church was the main central power in all nations. The church began to promote doctrines and ideas which supported their beliefs. The church gained the ability to influence the beliefs and ideas that the world was to hold at the time. The church dismissed most literature, science, and worldly thought knowledge that they did not agree with. The churches control over major aspects of society helped lead to the Dark Ages. The church also gained a heavy influence on the political aspects of the land as kings who appealed to the church were supported and ultimatly the church would have them make it into power.
 * Impact of Christianity** (490-600)

Charles Martel created the Caroligian dynasty, and was a ruler of the Franks. He expanded the Franks into conquering and spreading across most of Europe. His rule allowed for the ranks to become the most powerful group of people in Medieval Europe. He helped invent new technologies to benefit soldiers. With his military genius the Franks were able to obtain a military advantage over most of Medieval Europe.
 * Reign of Charles Martel & Viking Raids** (600 - 755)



Vikings from Scandinavia began to launch attacks on coastal areas of Britain and the northern mainland of Europe. They typically attacks areas such as monasteries as they were unprotected and contained riches. Through these attacks the Vikings captured many new slaves. The raids were launched due to factors in Scandinavia such as an increase in population not being able to support the amount of people in the region or how longer distance traveling across the sea became easier.



In 771, Charlemagne becomes the king of the Frankish Empire(The Franks). Under his rule, the Franks made multiple achievements.In 756 the Franks help liberate Rome from Lombard rule, and with defeating the Lombards they gained the respect as being seen as protectors of the church. In 774 the Franks defeat the Lombards who had been occupying northern areas of Italy, and with their defeat the Franks expanded south. In 785 the Franks push the Muslims back into parts of Hispania, and create a buffer region along the Pyrenees Mountains. During 772 to 814, under Charlemange's rule, the Franks are able to capture Germanic lands, and Slav lands. In 810 the Franks conquer Avar kingdoms.
 * The Rise of the Franks** (755-850)



Before the Frankish Empire united most areas in 843, many areas lived in small petty kingdoms. These small petty kingdoms were run through Feudalism which was a military/ social/ economic order where a monarch grants feudal lords large parcels of land in exchange for military service when needed, and taxes in exchange for unified military protection. Feudalism didn't allow lands to be urbanized and unified, as a land was ruled strictly by feudal lords. Lords ruled over their land having courts and systems run by the lords. Peasants of the land were seen as property of the lords, which was a system of slavery known as serfdom.
 * Feudalism** (840 - 967)



The petty kingdoms of the Early Middle Ages, soon united into consolidated nations in the High Middle ages, as a result of the barbaric raids taking place throughout Europe. Christianity still dominated Europe, as many people pledged to the papal authority (Eastern Orthodox, or Roman Catholicism). By the 10th to 11th century C.E all the barbaric people in Europe had been baptized into some form of Christianity, which reduced raids, or stopped them in areas.
 * Christianity and the High Middle Ages & Expansion of Holy Roman Empire** (967 - 1060)

The crusades now starting, restarted interest in Asia. Trade with Asian began to reoccur and people began to take insight into Islamic science into Europe. The population in Europe began to rise drastically, as a result people expanded settlements in all areas available. The crusades were a main result of the professional soldiers developing through the Feudal Ages, and people now had the motive to restore their religious honor. The strength of papal influence began to affect Europe. The papal influence helped lead to the crusades due to a community feel among Christians set by them. The religious power they held gained them influence in nationalism and loyalties.



The German Emperors of the region were able to influence clergy and even have an authority over the pope himself such as Otto I. This allowed for them to gain support in expansion in multiple regions. Through influence the Holy Roman Empire gained territory in Francia, and Dutch territories. Otto I was able to take control of Italy and papal states, as Italy was in chaos and the pope was powerless to stop it. After Otto I gained control the people of the papal states ruled under his will and mercy. However the HRE still remained decentrailized which led to its decline



The Crusades caused senseless violence and wars. Christian's believed that they must displace Islam and Judaism at all costs. They used violent meathods such as wars, and in Europe Jews were persecuted. When Jerusalem was captured the Muslim and Jewish residents were slaughtered, even women. As people Christian's slaughtered the Muslims and Jews, the Roman Catholic Church was attacked during the Protestant reformation, as they claimed the Roman Catholic Church was not the main authority that is claimed to be during the Dark Ages. Many people began to distrust Christians as a result of these events, as they were developing a negative reputation of being ruthless. The crusades also weakened Constantinople and as a result they were captured the the Ottoman Turks. However the crusades did restart Asian trade as the people became more knowledgeable about the Asian world as it was more advanced than Europe currently was.
 * Effects of the Crusades, Norman conquest of England and Magna Carta** (1060-1240)



The Normans invaded England in 1066 and after conquering it they became the ruling class. The Magna Carta was the first step towards democracy since Rome. The nobles of the land had had enough of the failures of multiple kings. The kings caused a low economy and loss of valuable land in areas such as France. And monarchs had also been abusing their powers. After the people had had enough they marched in London to subdue King John, and forced him to agree on the Magna Carta, which would assure certain rights to the people.




 * Why the Golden Horde was able to dominate Europe and the Black Death Plague** (1240 - 1350)



The Mongol being a people, expanded west into Europe from their central Asian home, as the dry weather affected their agriculture, which they were highly dependent on. They moved to the green pastures of parts of Europe. Because the Mongols had been exposed to the fighting styles and weapons of various people, their soldiers were very skilled. They were skilled horseman and archers. As the Mongols conquered new territories they forced the defeated to either join them or die. As they conquered various regions a large amount of people joined them. By the time they arrived in Europe they were a dominating force and their numbers couldn't be challenged. As they dominated trades, the Mongols were able to obtain beliefs, and ideals on topics such as government. Through the passage of this information the Mongols became great diplomats, allowing them to establish diplomacy to conquered peoples much easier as they could please them. The Mongols also arrived in Europe during the period of the **Black Death**, which was an outbreak of Bubonic plague. This plague weakened the region, and allowed the Mongols to easily come in. They may have introduced it to Europe.



The Black death was an outbreak of Bubonic Plague that occurred in Europe. The Black Death killed millions of people and greatly reduced the populations amount of Europe. The Black Death is seen as one of the turning points in European economic history, as the Black Death killed millions of people, the majority being the peasant class. As the peasants had died, wealthy land owners were forced to pay workers what they demanded, as there was no one else to do the work. This is thought to have led to the establishment of the Middle Class in Europe.

2)MindMap Manorialism and Feudalism
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 * __Manorialism__**
 * Summary:**//Manorialism was the system of economic and political relations between a landlords and there peasant laborers//**.** Serfs were peasants of the region, who made deals with the lord of a region who owned a manor. On manors, serfs produced crops and goods on the lords manor, via farming and other means. In exchange for their services, landlords provide serfs with protection and justice. The serfs however were not slaves, as they could not be bought or sold. Serfs usually did agriculture in the fields using new technologies and techniques, such as the **three-field system**, in which 1/3 of the land was left unplanted to retain nutrients, and a new plow with an iron plate called the **moldboard**. The moldboard's design allowed for it to to deeper turn the soil of the lands.

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 * __Feudalism__**
 * Summary:** //Feudalism was a system based on key political and military relationships between landlords who could afford horses and weapons for battle and pay vassals, for military service and work.// Feudalism focused on a landlord, who made contracts with lower lords called vassals. These vassals were usually paid in estates for their military services to the higher lord. When fighting, the vassals formed large groups consisting of 5-10 vassals who were used as raiding parties. Extremely powerful lords soon began to emerge in parts of Europe, and united large areas through feudalism. The **Capetian royal families** in France, used feudalism to build their own power as a central monarchy. They established other feudal links with other great lords of France through marriage, which expanded their land even more. As this single lord dominated, he assumed the high role of King. The king had the authority to mint money and employ some professional soliders apart from feudal armies that did most of the fighting.

3)Notes on Documentry
-The dark ages was a very difficult time to live in -Very warelike area very little peace -August 4th 410 A., Romefalls as its in invaded by thugs -Rome was sacked for three days -Aleric was the leader of the Gothic tribe -Visigoths sacked cities in order to help his people gain food -Romans became so hungrey from lack off food due to Visgoth surrounding the city, the turned to canabolism -Small pox entered Rome during the 3rd century -Aleric died in 410 shortly after defeating Rome -After the fall of Rome severasl small rulers took seperate lands ti ckaim as their own -As people settled near Roman monuments they took the bulding material from them in order to obtain material to build their lives -Clovis was the first Frank ruler to convert to Christianity -Europe was seperated into small states ruled by germanic tribes -IN a period on much seperation, Christianity was shared largely -Christianity offered hope of peace -After Constasntine converted to Christianity, it grew in the Roman Empire -Although Christisnity didnt approve of killing Clovis still killed -At 30 Clovis owwed most of Europe -Clovis had many justice meathods. If you were charged with somthing you were thrown in a River. If you floated, you were guilty. if sank and drowned you were inisent. -Rome empire lived on in the Byzantine Empire, who controlled the eastern Roman Empire -People felt the west were less humane -Justinian came to power in Byzantine in 527. He wanted to recapture lost western territories -Justian was a sly man -Justinian met his wife Theodora at a dancing house -Justinian eliminated his political rivals -Justinian began to reconquer lost Roman lands -Justinian ordered the contruction of the Hagia Sophia -25 - 50% of the European people were wiped out by the bubonic plague -Bubonic plague was carried to Constantinople through fleas on rats -Justinian surrvied the plague however he bacme different -The plague of Justinian eliminated half of the population of the byzantine empire -In 548 A.D Theodora died of cancer -Justinian died 17 year after Theodora -Trade and industry depleasted and Europe's economy had become dependant on sipmply agricultural -

4)Mark Up Magna Carta
Summary:The Magna Carta, was a charter, which was used to help preserve specific rights to the people of England. The commoners of England, forced King John to sign this document so they would have several rights promised to them. The document states in its opening that it is being written under the will of both the people and God, to please both parties in their realms. The document clearly establishes point for religious, social, and economic principles. For example one part of the document describes the process of land being given to someone and who can control it. If an heir is not of age for example, his land is given to someone else to maintain until he becomes proper age and can hold the land himself. The Magna Carta simply was used to help preserve the rights to the people, to bring an end to feudal inequality.

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5) Glog on Western Culture during the Postclassical Era
media type="custom" key="7544781" Explanation of Glog: My glog details several cultural aspects of Western Europe during the Postclassical era. During this period of time, several areas began to introduce universities to the environment of the people, which presented many new opportunities, which is reflect in the images such as the bottom right two images. The new universities and revival of text from past philosophers, helped to encourage and idea of thinking. The top two right images detail Thomas Aquinas, a monk who helped expand on the ideas of scholasticism. The symbol of the cross is the symbol of Christianity. During this period, many people practiced Christianity as the dominant religion. People however syncritized their own beliefs and well beings into their Christian actions, hence the picture of the world with the multiple religious symbols. Many people didn't realize how their actions condridicted Christianity. Some people such as Raoul de Cambrai, burned down an abbey and killed all the nuns, which is a great sins. (this relates to the book case on fire being inside an abbey). This killing of nuns was a great sin and wasn't approved by Christianity, however he stated it was just as the nuns insulted his nights. This represents the people desire to change rules for their own benefit. The final image of the Gothic style church, shows us the new style of arcitecure thats made its way into Europe.

6) ESPIRIT Chart Western Europe

 * E || -Maorialism was the economic system used during the era.

-Manorialism centered around the relationship between the lord of a manor and a serf

-The lord could offer the serf protection, and other neccesities that they lacked, in return for accepting this from the lords, the serf would work for the lord in the fields to produce goods

-New agricultural meathods helped improve the economy and sufficiantcy of growing things

-Nobles dominated the economic system

-As the Viking raids occured, it united more people promoting economics and trade

-Towns began to grow over time from the manors

-Serfs rights were enhanced giving them more freedom

-As population increased, the amount of economic level also increased

-Trade between Asia started up again bringing goods and also exporting them

-The crusades happened and treasures from foreign lands were obtaiend from the fighting

-Guilds promoted agriculture, and trade on coastal seas due to allienbces with foreign nations

-Trading componies grew stronger and more religable than merchantism

-Crusades and black death eliminated economic structure

-Capitalism begins to develope ||
 * S || -People began to open up universities to help teach Muslim and Hellenistic ideas

-Serfs had an easier life as agriculture improved

-Lords made contracts with the serfs to work for them in order to obtain goods

-Landlords attempted to make serfs pay higher taxes; Serfs were gaining a sense of freedom and were able to gain their own land


 * -Guilds** were formed between people who worked in the same field of profession

-Guilds helped everyone trade, produce food, sell goods, and create bonds with each other

-All members were to gain a share of the profit

-Women tended to the family as they had done before but with more rights as Christianity saw women equal in the soul

-They provided alternate marriages by working in abbeys as Nuns

Women in the west had higher authority than those in Islam, as they weren't segregated from religious practice and other aspects of life

-In the Holy Roman Empire, religious figures such as the pope had a large influence over political and social structurer

-Feudal levels high lord, vassal, serf ||
 * P || Feudalism established a central rule of the people, and helped to establish the borders of todays world

-The king of the area called forth multiple vassals to supply them with weapons in order to have them fight for him

-Vasals were paid with land, money, and advice

-The serfs were the lowest class area and the most taxed. If they were taxed to much they grew angry such as the English serfs, and they forced King John to sign the **Magna Carta** which preserved some rights to the people

-Clovis converts to Christianity and finds a way to unite the peopel of the Franks away from being Pagans

-William the conquer brings feudalism over to Europe after conqquering it

-After the Magna Carta was written, the establishment of Parliment, had bodies of the different classes representing them in front of the king

-Parliment represented the church, the nobles, and the urban leaders

-Holy Roman Empire became established to serve under papel influece

-Charlemange helped establish areas in France and Germany

-Charles Martel defeated Muslims at the Battle of Tour

-Alliences were established usually through marrige at the time

-Language was a barrier for different people interacting

-Politics began to become more religiousely oriented || up a England that we see today
 * I || -The Viking Raids with most of Europe, such as England, which was invaded by William the Conquer who brought feudalism and began to set

-The Hundred Years War between the two monarchies of France and English

-The Franks conquest of the multiple pagan people of western Europe who didn't practice Christianity

-The west began to trade once again with Asia, bringing in profit, as well as goods such as silks once more

-The nations now forming soon began to trade with one another such as Germany and France

-The pope orders the Crusades to occur launching a campain to recapture the Holy land

-Muslims defeated at the battle of tour

- ||
 * R || -Christianity dominates as the main religion of the people

-After Clovis converts to Christianity and the Franks follow him, he begins to convert pagan people to Christianity as he spread the Franks throughout Europe.

-The church was a strong influence on the people western Europe. Papal influence affected many aspects of life

-The church could help to promote or demote a leader of a nation, and people followed what the church said usually

-Holy Roman Emperors were favored by the church, as the Hoyl Roman Empire was said to be the fighter of the church

-Clergy begin to become corrupt

-Pope Gregory VI tries to clean up the church, by reinforcing codes such as forbideen of marrige and even excommunication King Henry the IV

-The Crusades were launched to recapture the Holy Land

-Religious art was presented in multiple forms, such as stylized characters, stain glassed windows in churches, and even churches themself

-New architecture style for churches called Gothic

-Art detailed the birth of Christ, life of Saints

-Recopying religious text was a common practice to preserve historic events

-Clergy were the most educated

-Schools started around clergy, as they were creted to help educate science

-Age of philosophy were people tried connecting God to natural occureces

-Females get introduced to clergy hood through becoming nuns in abbeys || life of saints, and the death/ life of Jesus.
 * I || -Religious Christian art such as stained glass window designs in churches, or the stylized depictions of the saints and their lives. They also depicted the

-Medieval art depicted events such as conflicts for war

-People such as **Thomas Aquinas**, began to develop new ideas that beliefs came first, but expanded the scope given to reason

-Developed **scholasticism**

-People such as **Bernard of Clairvux** resisted the logical attacks on the church saying that God's truth is recieved by faith alone

-Peter of Abelard wrote a book call Yes and No

-The book was a logical rationalist attack on the church ||
 * T || - **Moldboard** is developed for agricultural use. Allows for deeper churning of the soil

-**Three field system** is used to help retain fertile fields for the people to use.

-Gothic style of architecture develops in the use of build new styles of Cathedrals and churches.

-New horse collars invented that didn't choke horses which encouraged horse back riding ||

7) Decline of the Medieval Synthesis Notes
-The Hundred years war caused many difficulties and proved the French monarchies weakeness -Monarchs switched from armies of the noble forces to paid arms -Leadership by John of Arc -Promoted new antifeudal ideas and ways -Famines and disease attacked populations such as the black death -These plagues helped to challenge the social structure of Europe -New disputes between peasants and landlords began to emerge -The post classical way of civilization was beginning to disapear in western Europe -Professionional soldiers and new weapons helped to establish stronger military powers -Tension between lower class and aristocracy -New games emerged in the forums of tournements -Chivalry behavior began to emerge even towards women -New values were taking the place of medival ones -A division occuring between church and state -Church became weaker in control -Religion didn't decline --Thinkers began to emerge and didn't believe the ideas of the church -New artistic standards -Religious figures became less stylized in images -Universities emerging to educate people -New styles of architecure, gothic

Summary on Western Europe:
Medieval western-Europe was a complex place during the middle ages. After the fall of the Roman Empire, Western Europe suffered from multiple issues, which caused a great decline in society, and all aspects of life itself. Many people felt that the era of the classical civilizations was far better than the current period. From 500 C.E to 900 C.E, multiple issues emerged in Western Europe. Since Rome had fallen, many areas lacked a central strong government, and as a result the Christian church emerged as a main ruling influencing power. The Christian church headed by the pope, consisted of multiple Papal States that were in Italy, and there power extended to all areas which converted to Christianity. During this time the church was one of the most influential establishments in Europe. The church was full of knowledge, as clergy were really the only educated people during the times. The church also contained many books which offered learning material for people. The Christian rule extended as small groups of people during the times converted to Christianity, such as the Franks.

During this time in Western Europe, the areas were controlled by multiple small groups of people, such as the Goths, Vandals, and Franks. These people, were at first very separated and weren’t very united however after the conversion of the Germanic King **Clovis** to Christianity, the people began to convert from pagan type of religion to Christianity. By converting the groups of people to one religion, he united the multiple people of the areas by a single shared thing, religion. These segregated groups soon than began to unite into single states similar to countries today, one such group were the **Franks**. The Franks ruled over parts of France, Germany, and other small nations in the south of these areas. The Franks began to become united when the **Carolingians** family came into power. One member of the family, Charles Martel, was able to defeat the Muslim’s in Spain and expand the control of the Franks. After **Charles Martel,** came **Charlemagne,** who helped unite the multiple Frank groups in the area.

Although a first during this time the political system installed in most areas was **manorialism**, it soon developed into **feudalism** as time progressed. Both systems are dependent on the relationship between a lord and the serfs who live on his manor. As time advanced the feudal system became a bit more complex with a high king on the top of the pyramid, and his power was extended over his vassals who paid for land that he owned, and the serfs paid them to live on their manors. Feudalism helped to establish a monarchy in some nations such as the developing Britain. Over time the people however found a way to counter act feudalism and established their own rights by meeting with the king of the areas. One such case in Britain was the signing of the **Magna Carta**, which established specific rights to the people. As time progressed in Western Europe however, new advancements and ideas were popping up. Universities began to open up across the land to educate people. Universities often introduced the idea of **scholasticism**. New styles of architecture were being designed, such as gothic style. New economic values with trade were being reintroduced. However towards the decline of the medieval period, plague struck the area, which was called the **Black Death**. This caused a decline in population and other things; however it helped to nurse Europe out of the medieval period and into a new period.