The+World+Economy

1) Notes pages 350-359 and take notes

 * //__The West's First Outreach: Maritime Power__//**
 * European merchants fleets seized control of key international trading routes. Initial Spanish and Portuguese leadership was followed by growing efforts from Britain, France, and Holland

__//New Technology: A Key To Power//__ //Mi:New technological developments and improvements in the world lead to an increase and power for nations.//
 * During the 15th century new developments in technology began to change which nations would be the most.
 * Europeans developed deep-draft, round hulled sailing ships for travel across the Atlantic. Capable size lead to an availibility in space in the ships, which lead to more productive and profitable trade. Ships were also capable of the long distant travels across the Atlantic to the 'New World"


 * Europeans adapted knowledge and inventions from other parts of the world to develop even newer technologies and improvements on existing technology.
 * Explosives brought over from the Chinese was used and turned into into gunnery, where the Europeans developed handguns and cannons for ships
 * The compass being adapted from China and improved by Europeans bettered navigation over long distances
 * The west dominated because of their control of the seas due to their navies

//__Portugal and Spain Lead The Pack__// //MI:The begging of the exspantion ideas came from developments of nations such as Portugal and Spain//
 * The iniitives of voyages and conquest for new areas were started by Portugal, due to itd location on the coast of the Atlantic
 * Henry the Navigator organized the first expeditions along the African coast and outward to the islands of the Azores
 * As the Portugese pushed down the African coast, they beought back slaves, spices, and many stories of gold (which they had not found)


 * Groups of traders and nations attempted to discover faster routes to India, China, and areas along the eastern Asian coast, where specialty goods such as silk and other luxerious items were found.
 * Portuguese attempt to get to India by passing **Cape of Good Hope** in Africa. Vaso de Gama's fleet of four ships reached India in 1498, where they met contact with Hindu people. After hostility from Muslim merchants they brought back some spices and even some gold.
 * To trade goods Europeans used force as a method to generate exporting
 * One expedition by the Portugese led them to colonize parts of Brasil in the New World
 * Later expeditions led them to Japan
 * **Christopher Columbus** an Italian navigator supposed the world was round and attempted to find a new way to India by sailing West across the Atlantic
 * He failed his quest, reaching the Americas instead of India. He thought however he had in fact made it to INdia which is why he named the native people "Indians"
 * After the Spanish realize the land Columbus found was not India, the Spanish explorers decided to settle the new world. Amerigo Vespucci made an expedition to the Americas, where he named them the "New World"


 * The Spanish try to seize more land to counter the Portuguese expansion into new territories that the Spanish sought themselves
 * Amerigo Vespucci holds and expedition to the new world, Fernando Magellan set sails west and gets to the Indonesian Islands, and even claiming the Phillipines
 * Spanish achieve a military expansion to obtain parts of Mexico, South America, Florida, and parts of the southwestern United States (southwest North America), as well as sections of Latin America


 * When Portugal emerges from its explorations it achieves holdings in Africa, South America, and parts of Asia
 * Achieve holds in Brasil, Indian port of Gao, Chinese port Macao, and Japan

//__Northern European Expeditions__// //MI: The expededitions of nations in the world turned in Great profit as the Europeans settled and obtained new goods to trade with the global world.//
 * In the 16th century, the French, British, and people of Holland begin to follow Spain and Portugal and attempt to expand their territories to the new world Columbus had discovered, or previeous existing territory
 * British and Dutch improve the design of their ships to better suit the long distant travel require for voyages across to the new world.
 * The French ships dominated as a navy, however due to massive expansion by the Spanish already occurring in Latin, and South America, the expeditions by these people headed more North towards modern day Canada, and northeastern united states


 * Due to the profit increase that goods would bring in from the new world, colonies were begging to be set up in the new world
 * The French claim parts of Canada in the 17th century, and head down towards the Great Lakes area/Mississippi Valley
 * Trading companies develop a monopoly on the government to their increase in power and wealth from the trade
 * British land in the Hudson Bay area of Canada in the 16th century, but they colonize in the 17th century on the coast of North America
 * **British East India Company**, a trading company which dominated trade and help a monopoly


 * Many hard ships of sea travel led to a careful selection process of candidates allowed for the voyages
 * Disease, and the length of a voyage could wear away at people
 * Some expeditions only allowed for bachelors, as married men would miss their wives

__//**Towards A World Economy**//__
 * Europe's maritime dominance generated three wider changes, developing from the 1490's onward. One was the Columbian exchange of foods, diseases, and people. A second was new export-import patterns that created durable economic inferiorities. A third was the emergence of new overseas empires.

//__The Columbian Exchange of Disease and Food__// //MI: As Europeans and slaves journied to the new world they brought diseases which decimated the native's, but they also returned with new crops which benefited their society//
 * International contacts of people from people of Europe and the new world, lead to new dieases being introduced to the native people, and new crops and good traveling back to Europe and being spread across the land
 * In the new world, diseases such as small pox, and measles tortured the natives as it decimated their populations because they had no natural immunity to the disease like the Europeans who had been exposed to the disease for many centuries
 * Due to the death of nearly 80%(over a 150 year period) of the native population, the New World became easier to settle in as disease took its tole on the natives and weakened them


 * Crops such as corn and sweet potatoes were brought back from the new world by merchants and traded throughout Europe, and Eurasia
 * New crops allowed for a population increase in Europe and a larger surplus of food.
 * New crops begin to become a part of the diet of people where it had prvieously not existed such as in Africa, where corn became adapted int oa persons diet.
 * Fears were spread however of eating new crops would lead to disease and plague as they were not mentioned in the Bible

__//The West's Commercial Outreach//__ //MI:European trade over the entire world led to an international profit increase, as they became a dominant power, and could force people to buy their goods even if they didn't need them//
 * Europeans didn't monopolize the areas of trade completely, however they held a high level of dominance in the region for trade
 * Europe traded with regions along the Indian Ocean, and near their destinations to further expand their profit. They still held the highest level of international trade
 * Sought to establish ports in some major cities, even setting up areas in cities such as Constantinople where they could further expand their trade from
 * By defeating rival powers, the Europeans demonstrated their superiority to other people
 * The Ottomans losing the Battle of **Lepanto**

__//Imbalance in World Trade//__ //MI: As the power of Western Europe increased they became the most dominant nations in the world, and being competitive to become the most dominat nation, led to the establishment of the belief of mercantilism.//
 * The biggest competitors of European dominance in world trade was themselves, as the **core nations** of international trade all were in Europe
 * Countries adopt the belief of **mercantilism**, which urged their nation to not import as many goods, but to export more
 * Human laborer was a core part of exchange because of slaves helping to produce weapons and materials needed by the people of the region

//__A System of International Inequality__// //MI:While new areas were being explored and new ideas founded, inequality still existed in the world with slave trade going on in Africa, and slaves still being used by people.//
 * //Slaves from Africa were still used in order to produce materials and goods need to be made by the people//
 * People of Africa and even natives in Latin America were forced to help with commercial farming and obtaining silver

//__How Much World in the World Economy?__// //MI://Mmost of the world was not yet involved in the world economy. Societies that remained outside the world system did not gain ground as rapidly as the core areas of Europe, due to lack of profit opportunities in international trade.
 * Nations in Asia such as China, Japan, and Korea became less advanced as Europe took over the core role of international trade
 * Falling behind as a trade profiter lead to the nations becoming lesss technologically as advanced as Europe and even became less economically advanced as well
 * Nations soon sealed them selves off from other such as Japan, and entered a state of being less advanced and economically powerful as other nations who allowed for trade and idea import/goods

__//The Expansionist Trend//__ //MI: World economy was not stationary and intended to gain ground over time. South America, West Indies, and some regions in West Africa were first staked out as dependencies beginning in 16th century and the list later expanded//
 * portions of southeast Asia that produced for world markets, under dominance of great Western trading companies, were brought into orbit by 17th century
 * western traders were advancing in India as the Mughal empire began to fall apart
 * British and French East India Companiesd staked out increasing roles in internal trade and administration
 * early 18th century --> Britain passed tariffs against the import of cotton cloth made in India as a means of protecting Britains own cotton industry
 * used India as a market for British-processed goodsand source of payments of gold
 * India maintained complex regional economy
 * internal manufacturing and trade
 * manufacturing began to decline
 * Eastern Europe was brought into a growing relationship with the world economy and the west European core
 * growth of cities in the West created growing market for imported grains by 18th century
 * demand was met by east European growers
 * Prussia and Poland
 * particularly maintained by serfs on large estates

= =

2)Colonization Notes
**__Early Patterns of Colonization in the Americas and Africa__** __//Mi:Colonization in the America's was inviting for Europeans, as they were more advanced than the natives, and for this reason they could obtain the land and resources in the area with little effort//__
 * **Spain and Portugal in the Americas:**


 * Spain was the first nation to begin colonization in the Americas, starting with West Indian Islands, and than finally settling in the mainland in 1509
 * Spain entered the mainland in 1509 in search of gold. This search for gold set of a number of expeditions which led the Spanish into coming in contact with native people such as the Aztecs in Mexico, whom they would eventually crush and defeat.
 * **Vaso de Balboa** set up the first mainland colony in Panama in 1509.


 * Spanish expeditions for gold and exploration led to contact with multiple natives, which led to violence as the Spanish would try to capture their land from them
 * As the Spanish headed towards South America/ Inca territory, they came into contact with the native people. **Francisco Pizarro**(1478-1541) led a successful conquest against the Incas, kidnapping Emperor Atahuallpa, and causing disorganization among the Inca.
 * Disorganization among the Inca led to the Spanish conquest of their land easier, along with their superior weapons, and spreading of disease.


 * Colonizes first were set up in the West Indian Islands such as Hispaniola, Cuba, Jamaica, and Puerto Rico
 * In 1509 colonies were established on the mainland starting with Panama, than spread from central America north and south. Enter into Mexico and the Andes region
 * Expanded deeper into South America stretching into Columbia, other Andes regions, and Argentina


 * Early colonies were led by colonial administrations back home in Spain and Portugal
 * Colonials only had a loose control over the native populations. The Spanish sometimes left local leaders in charge of a region to not impose a formal administration
 * More formal administration moved in as agricultural settlements were established and bureaucrats were sent over from the home land

__// MI:The colonies which were developed by the French and British differed from those developed by the Spanish, due to their expansion into North America, and colonies being established for religious refuge rather than profit originally for the British, and expansion attempts by King Louis XIV. //__
 * Attempts were made by missionaries to convert the native people to Christianity
 * Would help to detail the administration more ||
 * **The British and French in North America:**

__//**British**//__
 * English colonies along the Atlantic Coast in North America, received religious refugees such as the Calvinist, and Quakers
 * These groups fled Britain to settle in New England due to religious tensions back home. In the colonies, the church became an established and respected institute and helped with the self-government of the area
 * Church assemblies gave power to elders and wider congregations


 * The English expanded their colonial control to new areas, by conquering existing colonies of other nations, and even fighting for control of these existing colonies
 * New York being taken from the Dutch by the English during an expedition in 1664
 * Britain attacked French strongholds, which led to the conflict called the **Seven Years War,** which finally ended in 1763 with the signing of the **Treaty of Paris**. Because of the Treaty of Paris the French lost its coloniess.


 * British settlements continued to be established in Canada in areas such as Ontario
 * During the 1776 revolution, the flight of American loyalists led to the English-speaking contingent in Canada


 * The British valued their West Indian holdings, rather than their North American colonies
 * North American products such as timber and furs were not as great of profit as those taken from the West Indies
 * Some merchant class did emerge among the new Americans


 * The southern colonies soon developed interest from the British as goods such as tobacco and cotton became increasingly important
 * As large plantation estates developed in the south, slave trade with Africa began to increase, in order to achieve a higher profit for the plantation owner
 * Goods from western Europe were imported into the Americas, and these good produced on plantations were exported.


 * Colonies were inspired political movements occurring in Europe, such as new theories being developed for parliament by John Locke
 * New institutions by the 18th century such as the American Philosophical Society debated new scientific findings in Europe and explored new political ideas as well
 * Colonies didn't achieve much culture achievements past scientific contributions for example art was primitive


 * By the 18th century, merchants in America, where trading with China, as their ships would pick up goods such as medicinal herbs
 * British developed a strict limit on trade, which depended on greater tax revenues to help guarantee markets for British goods
 * Manufacturing in the Americas led to the development of a merchant class


 * By the 1700s the addition of African slaves proved to be a important addition to the North American colonies
 * Slaves were used on the southern plantations to produce cash crops such as tobacco
 * By the 18th century 23% of the colonies were of African decent

__//**French**//__
 * France launched there first attempts at colonizing North America were launched by **King Louis XIV**
 * The French established colonies in the Canada area, and along the Mississippi River basin
 * These colonies were set up similar to manorial estates


 * In 1755 **New France** had about 55,000 settlers in a peasant society
 * Peasants were encouraged to emigrate to New France from the homeland
 * Settlements fanned out around the fortress of Quebec


 * As French settlements approached closer to the English border, conflicts between the two began to emerge over a struggle over colonial power
 * Conflicts over the colonies lead to the Seven Years war between France and Britain
 * The Treaty of Paris eliminated the French colonies

__// Mi:The areas of Africa were developed to be stations for support for Europeans traveling to Asia for trade, as well as a means of gaining slaves, contributing to the Atlantic slave trade occurring between the New World and Africa. In Asia the French and British rivaled each other for control over territories and India, eventually allowing the British to gain control over a vast area of the region. //__
 * Were in more favor of their West Indies settlements than their north amearican ones ||
 * **African and Asian trading stations:**

**//__Africa__//**
 * In Africa, coastal fortresses were developed by the Europeans to negotiate with the African Kings and merchants
 * Didn't establish and expand large territories, because of climate, disease, and non-navigable rivers
 * Prevented the Europeans from reaching the interior of Africa


 * The first establishments were made by Portugal for expeditions in Angola
 * These expeditions were in search of slaves. This would be a motive to be introduced to the other nations in Europe, such as the British, who would soon develop African slave trade.
 * Expeditions led to a disruptive and direct impact of the African societies


 * Other settlements were created to become coastal stations for European traders such as the Dutch
 * The Dutch established the **Cape Colony**, on the Cape of New Hope, in order to use it as a coastal station to supply Dutch ships that were bound for Asia
 * To supply this colony, Dutch farmers called **boers** (Dutch word for farmer) began to farm out the region for agriculture, which caused tensions between the Bantu farmers of the region and the Dutch. It led to conflict that started around 1770 and lasted till the 20th century.

__//**Asia**//__
 * Colonization in Asia, especially in India began around when the Mughal Empire was weakening in India
 * The British and French fought with each others over these areas by appealing to local Indian princes to gain support.
 * The conflict in India between the British and French contributed to the Seven Years war


 * Through negotiations with local princes, the Europeans gained control of valuable areas in India, which benefited their economies
 * The British gain control of the station **Calcutta**, which gave them access to the great wealth that laid along the Ganges valley
 * As a result of wealth the British East Indian Company, gained an increasingly heavier influence over the British government, and over ocean trade routes


 * The French in India, were more intent on missionary work than their British rivals
 * The French lead colonies of Protestants more committed to colonial missions
 * In Spain, the Spanish tried converting the people of the Philippines to becoming Catholics


 * The rivalry between the British and French led to land conflicts in Asia, along with the ongoing Seven Years War already occurring between the two
 * The British and French both sought the help of forces from Indian princes
 * The British used the "black hole of Calcutta" incident to rally their forces together along with Indian help to seize French territory remaining in India. The French colonies were than destroyed


 * British gain control of multiple areas in Asia
 * Gain control of most of India, by destroying the French territories
 * Gain control of the Island of Ceylon from the Dutch ||