The+Muslim+Empires

1) ESPIRIT on the Ottomans

 * E || **__MI: The Ottomans were an empire who were geared towards warfare for expansion to gain money. Cities however did have bazaars to sell goods and have trade occurring.__**
 * Military leaders played a dominant role in the economy of the empire
 * The Ottomans were an empire geared towards warfare and expansion
 * This developed a warrior aristocracy


 * Warriors were given land to have peasants and laborers work on
 * Supported the warrior households, and retained their military status
 * Power did shrink eventually


 * Cities such as Constantinople were full of merchants from around the world
 * City bazaars were filled with goods merchants brought to sell
 * Goods that were sold were produce, spices. ivory, carpets, slaves, and other goods


 * Artisans create goods in the cities
 * Stores open for the artisans to sell their goods
 * Guilds formed to provide financial assistance, and advice ||
 * S || __**// MI:Ottoman society had warrior aristocracy members holding most power below the sultan. Social hotspots form for people to interact in. //**__
 * Made up of ethnic groups who had been fleeing from the Mongols or looking for riches
 * Made up of Turkish anecestory primarily


 * Warrior class becomes a dominant part in society as the aristocracy
 * **Janssiaries**, soldier who could become bureaucrats (were essentially slaves)
 * Eventually threatened the cavalry and aristocracy


 * Sultans [[image:http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_W_tUOL_6gPA/S_mttJF3IOI/AAAAAAAAAVA/7c5KQUi8BfA/s1600/jafar-719207.jpg width="200" height="294" align="left" caption="Viziers like Jafar soon gained power over the sultan's they ruled with, making the sultans puppets, and putting the Vizers in command."]]were the supreme ruler of the Ottoman empire
 * They manipulated religious institutes and administrators
 * Sultan power eventually declines and they become puppets to the **Viziers**, who would come to have more power than them


 * With the introduction of coffee and new goods to society, new social gathering spots are created
 * Coffee houses are created
 * Men can gather in the houses to exchange gossip, do business, and play chess ||
 * P || __//** MI: The Ottoman's originally had a strong war enforced government, however as advances in the west occurred and local corruption increased, the Ottomans soon declined in power and control, leading to their fall. **//__
 * Empire was geared toward expansion and warfare
 * Developed multiple weapons to help their cause
 * A powerful navy developed over time as well


 * The leader of the Ottomans was the sultan
 * The sultan competed against religious leaders and bueacratic administrators
 * The viziers eventually become more powerful than the sultan, causing him to become a figure head


 * The challenge of succession was a problem the Ottomans held
 * A sultan didn't choose an heir amongst his sons, they would have to go to conflict to decide who would rule next
 * Eventually this changed, and princes were confined until selected to rule


 * Government corruption eventually leads to the decline of the Ottomans
 * Jananssiaries, block the input of new war tactics, and people refuse to accept Christian inventions of technology
 * Eventually the Ottomans must retreat from some of their territories, causing them to shrink in size

>>> t into Europe
 * Christian western Europe starts to become stronger than the Muslim Ottomans
 * The once powerful navel fleet of the Ottomans is defeated by the Spanish, and Venetian Christians at the battle of Lepato
 * Muslim's fall behind in the way of war and reduce rapidly in size, the west quickly takes control of lands they once held and make establishment stripping them of power and money, leading to multiple problems ||
 * I || **//__MI:The Ottomans were geared to expansion soon after the gained control in the Asia minor, and soon spread control to other nations, gaining power until the 16th century, when the west started to get stronger. The west increase in power led to the defeat of the Ottomans.__//**
 * Mongols take control of Turkish kingdoms
 * The fall of the Mongol's led rise to new people succeding the Seljuk Turks in Anatolia
 * The **Ottomans** come to rule AntoliaOttomans expand across strongholds in Asia Minor across the Bosporus straigh[[image:http://home.earthlink.net/%7Eevacernik/images/mehmedII2.jpg width="148" height="231" align="right" caption="Mehmed II captured Constantinople with his troops, and helped revive the culture in the city."]]
 * Thrace is quickly conquered and soon large areas of the Balkans fall. Next they extend into Hungary
 * Conquered Constantinople soon after due to the attacks of the city by **Mehmed II**
 * Ottomans extend in Syria and Egypt across north Africa
 * Bringing the bulk of the Arab world into their control
 * Drove other people away from them
 * Ottomans had conflicts with the Christian western Europe
 * Numerous assullts made on their nations to capture them such as Austria
 * Ottomans eventually fall to a strong Christian western Europe ||
 * R || __//**MI: The Islamic Ottomans were disgusted by the Christians of western Europe, and choose to feel superior to them. They also built new mosques to show the beauty of Islam.**//__
 * Disgust of Christians because of conflicts with Muslim community
 * Rejects the ideas coming from western Europe due to being Christian
 * Muslim's feel superior to them, and believe that they know all and everyone can only be supported from them


 * Building of new mosques, to show the divine beauty of Islam
 * Suleymaniye is built as a mosque in Constantinople
 * Hagia Sophia is converted from a Christian church, to Muslim mosque ||  ||   ||
 * I || **//__ MI:The Ottomans developed mew architecture styles to inspire the rest of the Muslim world, and shifted their language in their writtings. __//**
 * Constantinople is restored as the cultural center
 * Ottoman values are influenced into parts of the city
 * Hagia Sophia becomes a mosque


 * Advances in architecture from the Byzantines lead to new designes
 * Architecture inspires the Muslim world
 * New building styles using the round roof to create mosques such as the Suleymaniye, and wonderful marble palaces


 * Poetry and writtings about the greatness of the Ottomans
 * Gardens created in the cities such as Constantinople
 * Language used shifted from Persian, to Turkish. Arabian used for religion and law works ||  ||   ||
 * T || **__//MI: The Ottomans designed weapons they used for war, but also architecture to help improve culture in the cities they inhabited.//__**
 * Firearms and artillery, cannons
 * Battering rams to break through walls
 * Navel ship fleet


 * Architectural improvements
 * Round roofs from Byzantines
 * Built aqueducts ||

2) ESPIRIT on the Mughals

 * E || **//__MI: The economy of the Mughal Empire centered around trade with Asian and European nations on cheaply produced and easily washed cotton cloth. Another source of revenue came from tributes paid by military retainers and land taxes.__//**
 * Mughal India was one of the most popular places for over sea trade with European traders and Asian peoples
 * Indian cotton textiles were demanded by westerners
 * Indian cotton was the most popular thing traded with the Westerners of Europe, who praised it for its greatness ||
 * S || __//** MI:Akbur made many attemps to establish public works to help those in need. Women gained support at first in society, however it was later declined, leading them back to where they started. **//__


 * Akbar worked beoynd the usual public works typically favored by most Muslims
 * Akbar sought to establish living quarters for the large population of beggars and vagabons
 * Regulated the consumption of alcohol


 * Women advanced due to the success of rulers
 * Widows were encouraged to remarry ((eventually decreased and became uncommen over time)
 * Legally prohibitted sati, or the burning of a women at her husbands funeral


 * Also to please women Akbar established a market day where only women could attend to get them out of their homes
 * Discouraged child marriges (later rose again)
 * Some women gained power through their husbands


 * Tried to combine his Hindu and Muslim populations
 * Encouraged the intermarrige of Muslim buearcrats with Hindu rulers ||
 * P || __//** MI:The government of the Mughals was established mostly with the administration taking care of everyday life, and the single ruler simply took a back seat. Women tried to gain power using their husbands to govern society as well. **//__


 * **A government center around a single ruler an administration**
 * Muslim and Hindu aristocrats usually were the administration of the bureacracy who held most of the day to day administration in their hands
 * The single ruler was the leader of the Mughals original ruler of the dynasty was **Babur**


 * Encouraged the cooperation of both Hindus and Muslims
 * A number of attempts were made to please Hindus such as promoting new temples, repecting of cows, and promoting them to high places in government
 * Abolation of the jizya, or tax of unbelivers of Islam (later reestablish)


 * After the death of Babur, his son **Humayan** was elected into power, however he was exiled by enemies
 * Humayan returned and gain power only to die of a fall to the head a few years later
 * Humayan's son **Akbar** took charge after his fathers death and started establishing a better India


 * Weak male rulers such as Jahangir couldn't affectivley rule to do problems (his was drinking)
 * As a result his wife **Nur Jahan** took over most of his duties and gained a large amount of power as a result
 * She backed the court with her male relatives and faction, who dominated it for years


 * Mumtaz Mahal the wife of Shan Jahan was remembered for her love and devotion to her husband
 * He built the **Taj Mahal** in her honor
 * Building it put strain on government finances ||
 * I || __**MI:The Mughals interacted with the people of Europe and Asia, trading cotton with them. As the Mughals sought to expand they made alliences, but when they got bad rulers these alliences were broken an enemies were established.**__


 * **Cotton trade with other powers**
 * Europeans and Asians traveled to India strictly for the praised cotton textiles
 * Indian cotton highly desired by all


 * Aurangzeb's conquest of other nations to expand the territory the Mugahls tried to extend over
 * Internal rebellions led by the **Marattas** in western India put an end to Mughal control in the area
 * The rise of new sects such as the **Sikhs** in northwest, further strained the declining resources of an imperial system ||
 * R || __//**MI: Many attempts were made by Akbur to unify the religions of Hinduism and Islam in India, to put an end to stress caused by differences.**//__


 * Blended the elements of many religions as an attempt to please both parties
 * Akbar founded **Din-i-Ilahi**, beliving it could unify Muslims and Hindus under one religion
 * Reasoned that if the adherents of India's diverse religions could be convinced to embrace this common creed, sectarian quarrels and even violent conflict could be brought to end ||  ||   ||
 * I || **__// MI: Mughal intellect involved the advance infrastructure built by rulers, as well as the games and forms of entertainment they devised.//__**


 * The creations of games and other forms of entertainment to entertain one another and pass time in society
 * Polo matches, ox tiger
 * Elephant fightes, games of pachis


 * Building of massive structures and promotion of beauty
 * The Taj Mahal built and became a symbol of India
 * The tomb of Akbar is Sikandra, and the audience hall in Red Fort at Delhi ||  ||   ||
 * T || __//**MI: Technology in the Mughal empire focused on cloth production for trade Asia and Europe, as well as architecture, consisting of combined traditions of Persian and Hindu.**//__
 * Cotton was used to make cloth, which was later used to make items such as pajamas


 * Architectural advances
 * Due to the Islamic contributions of knowledge domes, arches, and minarets
 * Along with Hindu knowledge in ceramic tiles, white marble, semiprecious stones, arranged geometric designes ||

3) ESPIRIT on Safavids

 * E || **//__MI:Under Abbas I, mosques and other types of infrastructure were restored. There was also an increase in production of goods, such as silk, as a result of workshops, and trade with neighboring as well as overseas nations was encouraged.__//**
 * Multiple public work projects financed
 * Religious schools and colleges built to educate individuals
 * Built and restored mosques


 * **Abbas I** led multiple projects
 * Built road and rest houses for merchants to use, as an attempt to make his domains safe for them
 * Set-up workshops to manufacture textiles and carpets


 * Encouraged Iranian merchants to trade with Muslim neighbors
 * Trade with India, China,
 * And Portuguese, Dutch, and English ||
 * S || __//** MI: **//__**Safavid society, much like the Ottoman was comprised of a warrior nobility, recruited army slave boys, and an absolute monarchy. Women's right and position in society was low, being a result of the patriarchal society that existed in the empire**
 * The warrior class dominated society as aristocrats
 * Shared near equal power with the absolutist monarchs
 * Enjoyed prestige and luxuries in cities and on their rural estates


 * As the rulers lost power, and the population increases reduced, uncultivated lands, rose the demands of the landlord class
 * Foreign invasions, civil strife, and the breaking down of vital services contributed to the growing misery of the peasant class
 * Resulted in a spread of banditry, peasant uprisings, and flight from the land ||
 * P || **__ MI: Safavid government consisted of an absolute monarchy, and was centered around land acquisition and preventing Turkic chiefs from gaining supreme power.__**
 * Main ruler was bestowed with the title of padishah
 * After the ruler was the bureacracy originally run by the warrior class
 * Since the warrior class was a threat, Persians were recruited into the imperial bureaucracy


 * **Abbas the Great**, or Abbas the first captured youths in Russia
 * Converted them to Islam and also educated them
 * They were the backbone of the military, and eve granted provincial governorships and high offices at court


 * **Salial-Din** gave the Safavid dynasty its name
 * He led a military campain to purify and reform Islam
 * Spread the teachings among the multiple Turkic tribes


 * Tahmasp I repeated efforts to bring Turkic chiefs inder his control
 * The chiefs were gradually transformed into a warrior nobility
 * Nobles were assigned villiges whose peasants were required to supply them ||
 * I || **//__MI:Safavid interactions focused on religious incentives, which was caused by the dissenting views of the Sunni Ottomans and the Shi'a Safavids. Under Abbas I, trade with other regions was encouraged.__//**
 * Safavid persecution of Sunnis, and the Ottomans slaughter of Shi'a led to religious conflicts between the two empires
 * Safavids and Ottomans met at **Chaldiran** to resolve the conflict.
 * The Safavid forces led by **Isma'il** were no match for the Ottomans and were defeated


 * Abbas I encouraged the Iranian merchants to participate in trade
 * Trade with their Muslim neighbors
 * Also began to trade with India, China, Portuguese, English, and Dutch ||
 * R || __//**MI:****The Safavids were supported of the Shi'a variant of Islam, which led it to battle with the Sunni Ottoman.**//__
 * Practiced the Shi'a version of Islam, unlike the Ottomans who practice the suffi
 * All religious leaders were required to curce the first three caliphs and mention Safavid ruler in the Friday sermon
 * **Red Heads** preached the Shi'a doctrines ||  ||   ||
 * I || **//__ MI: Safavid intellect was used to adopt Persian as a main language, and designes similar to that of the Ottomans, that were inspiredd by the Qur'am.__//**
 * Safavids originally wrote in Turkish
 * After the war of Chaldiran, they spoke Persian
 * It was then adopted as a state language.


 * Under took buildings projects especially those in **Isfahan**
 * Built multiple gardens, mosques, arches, government officies, and market places
 * Designes used geometric designs, floral patterns, and had versues from the Qur'an written around them ||  ||   ||
 * T || **//__MI:Technology during the Safavid empire included firearms/ iron weapons, and the architectural improvements, such as the restoration of mosques, building of roads, and other improvements.__//**


 * firearms --> artillery handguns
 * muskets, field cannons, gunpowder
 * great mosque covered in ceramic tiles, adorned with geometric designs, floral patterns, and verse from the Qur'an written in Arabic on blue tiles ||